Caste System as a Form of Social Stratification

Caste System as a Form of Social StratificationThe caste system is wholeness of the oldest forms of kindly stratification and horizontal though it may be prohibited by the law, the political divisions continue to exist in the minds of the slew leaving more oppressed. in the lead the caste system, India had four groups or divisions already established the Negrito, Mongoloid, Austroloid and Dravidian. It was during the Indo-European invasion around 1500 BCE when the caste system was created. The wordcastederives fromthe Portugueseword casta, heart and soul breed, race, or kind. In this system, the citizens atomic number 18 divided into categories or castes. Varna, the Sanskrit word for color, refers to large divisions that include various castes the other harm include castes and subdivisions of castes some cadences c eithered subcastes. Among the Indian terms that atomic number 18 sometimes translated as caste atomic number 18 jati, jat,biradri, andsamaj. there be thousan ds of castes and subcastes in India. It follows a basic precept All men are created unequal. apiece category or jat has a special role to p put in the society as well as a unique function this organize is a means of creating and organizing an effective society.The caste system in India is primarily associated with Hindiism and also exists among other Indian religious groups. Castes are ranked and named. neighborly status is achieved by birth. Castes are also endogamous groups. Marriages and relationships mingled with members of different castes, while non actually prohibited, face strong friendly disapproval and the threat of banishment or even violence. To illustrate, in a notorious case in August 2001, a Brahmin boy and a lower-caste girl were publicly hanged by members of their families in Uttar Pradesh, India for refusing to end their inter-caste relationship.1The first of the four basic Vedic books, which are considered the source of Indian wisdom, is the Rig Veda- a collection of over 1,000 hymns containing the basic mythology of the Aryan gods. The Rig Veda contains hotshot of the most famous sections in ancient Indian literature in which the first man created, Purusa, is sacrificed in order to give rally to the four varnas.The varna of brahmans emerged from the mouth. They are the priests and teachers, and look after the intellectual and spiritual needs of the community. They preside over knowledge and education. The varna of Kshatriyas emerged from the arms. Their responsibility is to rule and to protect members of the community. They are associated with rulers and warriors including plaza owners. The varna of Vaishyas emerged from the t lavishlys. They are the merchants and traders and those who look after commerce and agriculture. The varna of Sudras emerged from the feet. They are the laborers.Castes or subcastes besides the four menti nonpareild include such(prenominal) groups as theBhumiharor undercoatowners and theKayasthaor scrib es. Some castes arose from very specific occupations, such as theGarudi snake charmers or theSonjhari, who collected gold from river beds.Each caste is sweard by devout Hindus to have its own dharma, or divinely ordained code of proper conduct. brahmins are usually expected to be nonviolent and spiritual, according to their traditional roles as vegetarian teetotaler priests. Kshatriyas are supposed to be strong, as fighters and rulers should be, with a taste for aggression, eating meat, and drinking alcohol. Vaishyas are stereotyped as adept businessmen, in accord with their traditional activities in commerce. Shudras are a good deal described by others as tolerably pleasant.The existence of rigid ranking is supernaturally validated through the idea of rebirth according to a persons karma, the bring of an individuals deeds in this life and in past lives. After death, a persons life is judged by divine forces, and rebirth is assigned in a high or a low place, depending upon wh at is deserved. This supernatural sanction raft never be neglected, because it brings a person to his or her position in the caste hierarchy, pertinent to every trans accomplish involving food or drink, saying, or touching.The Rig Veda mentions how the four varnas were created but it does not mention the concept of untouchability. The idea of an Untouchable caste is not in the Vedas or the law books, which list only fourvarnas.2It is a part of the system that has been created by society itself.Untouchables are the fifth group. They are considered misfortunate that they fall outside of the caste system. In 1950, the term Untouchable was eradicated under Indias constitution, and untouchables are now formally referred to as the Scheduled Castes. Gandhi referred to untouchables as Harijan, which means people of God. Politically active untouchables feel that this term Harijan might evoke pity rather than respect, and prefer the term Dalits, which means, oppressed.Dalits are descenda nts of the ancient Dravidians of India who baffled their language and were subjugated due to the linguistic and socio-cultural oppression by the perpetrators of the caste system. While Dalits in Tamil Nadu speak Tamil, their brethren in other parts of India speak different Dravidian or tribal dialects or languages that arose due to mixtures of Tamil, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic, such as Hindustani (Hindi).As an Indian is born into the caste system, they are supposed to stay with that caste until death. What a person in each of these varnas can and cant do, is prescribed in detail in the laws of Manu, written by Brahman priests at least 2,000 years ago. The laws of Manu are inscribed in Indian culture. Umashankar Tripathy, a Brahman priest, says, Manu is engraved in every Hindu3Untouchables or Dalits on the face of it live also by a certain mend of rules. The occupations of people in caste systems are hereditary and dalits perform jobs that cause them to be considered soiled and thus untouchable and for little or no pay at all. They are restricted to occupations such as landless farm workers and peasants, and forced into washout clothes, beating drums, cutting hair, cleaning latrines and sewers, working as a leatherworker (they work with animal skin which makes them unclean), street cleaners, and manual scavengers. Manual scavenging refers to disposal of human hook by hand, using only the most basic tools, typically a brush, a tin plate and a wicker basket. Scavengers also dispose of inanimate animals. Millions of Dalits work even as slaves. They mostly have no opportunities for better employment.Dalits live in the most congested and cramped slums in villages, towns and urban areas consisting of huts or ghettos which are damp and cramped. They live in the most insanitary conditions with no access to public health and sanitation amongst open sewers and open air toilets. There are no enunciate sponsored public housing rights or public health rights in In dia. Most Dalits are forced to live in degage areas. Even after death, grave sites are segregated. The beat out housing is dumb for the stop number castes the government provides separate amenities for each neighborhood, which are segregated on caste lines. Dalits are usually left with the worse of the amenities or none at all. Over 85% of Indian Dalits own no land and are dependent on landlords for work or land to rent those that do own land may find it difficult or unacceptable to enforce their rights workers rarely receive the statutory minimum wage.Furthermore, in past decades, Dalits in certain areas (especially in parts of the south) had to display extreme deference to high-status people, physically keeping their distancelest their touch or even their shadow pollute otherswearing neither shoes nor any upper body covering (even for women) in the presence of the upper castes. In northern India for example, untouchables had to use drums to let others know of their arrival. E ven their shadows were considered polluted. In the south, some Brahmins ordered Untouchables to keep at least 65 feet outside from them.Untouchables are shunned, insulted, banned from temples and higher caste homes, made to eat and drink from separate utensils in public places. The higher-caste people do not accept food or water from the untouchable because it would transmit the pollution permanent and inherent in the person of the untouchable. Thus, untouchables are not allowed to drink from the uniform wells, wear shoes in the presence of an upper caste, or drink from the same cups in tea stalls. They are not allowed to touch people from the four varnas or caste groups. They are not allowed to enter houses of the higher varnas especially in which the chula (the small ear soce stove) is located.4In public occasions, they were compelled to sit at a distance from the four varnas. They are also denied education, freedom of expression, and many other rights the higher classes have.Dal it children do not have access to education due to the lack of mandatory and universal main(a) and secondary education in India. Even in rural areas where there may be schools, Dalit children are ostracized, oppressed and stigmatized from attending school. Thus, few Dalit children progress beyond primary education and they are often made to sit at the back of the class. Nearly 90 portion of all the poor Indians and 95 percent of all the illiterate Indians are Dalits, according to the Inter discipline Dalit Conference. Dalit Children are also subjected to atrocities such as sexual vitiate in rural areas, physical handle and murder just as adult Dalits are. They have a high level of malnutrition and ill health. Some are ordained into temple whoredom as a part of religious rituals for exploitation by non-Dalit men of the village or town.Dalit women do all the back breaking work society expects Dalits to do, such as manual scavenging, farm labour, stone breaking, etc., and in additi on they have to bear domestic responsibilities as mothers and wives. Dalit women suffer double discrimination as Dalits and as women. They are exposed to sexual abuse at the hands of the so called caste Hindu men and also men who work or state authorities such as the police. They are frequently flubd, gang-raped, beaten and tortured or forced to walk through the streets naked as punishment as an act of reprisal against male relatives who have committed some act worthy of upper-caste vengeance. Atrocities such as rape of Dalit women in police custody, bonded labour and physical abuse are common in India.The chastity of women is strongly related to caste status. Generally, the higher ranking the caste, the more sexual control its women are expected to exhibit. Brahman brides should be virginal, faithful to one husband and celibate in widowhood. By contrast, a sweeper bride may or may not be a virgin, extramarital affair may be tolerated, and, if widowed or divorced, the woman is enco uraged to remarry. For the higher castes, such control of female sexuality helps ensure justice of lineageof crucial importance to maintenance of high status. Among Muslims, too, high status is strongly correlated with female chastity.Many thousands of Dalit girls are forced into marriage to temples or topical anesthetic deities in south India, often before puberty, sometimes in payment of a debt. They are married to temples under the guise of the religious practice Devadasis, core female servant of god. They are then unable to marry and become unwilling prostitutes for upper-caste men, many eventually being sold into brothels. TheBadiJat is computeed as a prostitution subcaste. Women and girls are routinely trafficked into brothels. Perversely, and hypocritically, untouchability does not seem to apply to prostitution and customers are mainly men from the upper castes.If, because of any reason, there was a contact between an untouchable and a member of the Varnas, the Varna memb er became defiled and had to immerse or wash himself with water to be purified. In strict societies, especially among the Twice born(p) (the triplet top Varnas) the affected Twice Born also had to pass through some religious ceremonies to purify himself from the pollution. If the untouchable entered a house and touched things of a Varna member, the Varna members used to wash or clean the places where the untouchable touched and stepped. A twice born Hindu is a male member of one of the three upper castes who has completed the thread ceremony. The thread ceremony is a Hindu initiation ceremony, similar to a Christian confirmation or a JewishBar Mitzvah. A thread is given to the boy and it is thereafter worn over the left shoulder or around the waist. The thread has three strands, representing the threegunas(qualities)satya(truth)rajas( pull through) andtamas(inertia). Sudrasand Dalits are excluded from the thread ceremony and cannot become twice-born.Horrific and unbearable are jus t a few words that come to mind when sentiment of the abuse towards Dalits. More than 160 million people in India are considered achuta or untouchable. Human rights violation against these people known as Dalits is extremely universal although obviously illegal. Laws have been passed to prevent the abuse of the Dalits and NGO groups have been established to protect these people. However, that doesnt limit the crimes. The enforcement of laws on both local and nationwide scale knowing to protect the Dalits is lax if not nonexistent in many regions in India. Often times, especially in rural areas, where the practice of untouchability is the strongest, police officers even link up in the abuse of the Dalits.Nearly 50 years later, another event gave rise to a mass of conversions by the untouchables. A man from their class became educated, and then dared to try and watch a festival that the upper class men took part in. The untouchable was soon discovered and called a dirty untouchabl e and then killed. When the dead mans family tried to report the murder to the police, the police turned them away because they were untouchables. Eventually the police gave in and investigated the murder, later convicting a young man, but that did not satisfy the people. They were tired of being treated so poorly, and soon decided to abandon the Hindu religion and chose a new one.Other headlines about crimes victimizing the Dalits are as follows Dalit boy beaten to death for plucking flowers Dalit tortured by cops for three days Dalit witch paraded naked in Bihar Dalit killed in lock-up at Kurnool 7 Dalits destroy alive in caste clash 5 Dalits lynched in Haryana Dalit woman gang-raped, paraded naked Police egged on mob to lynch Dalits.Fear of public humiliation, beatings, and rape keep Indias Untouchables in their place. Statistics from Indias National Crime Records Bureau indicate that in 2000 25,455 crimes were committed against Dalits.5Every hour deuce Dalits were assaulted eve ry day three Dalit women raped, two Dalits murdered, and two Dalit homes torched. Majority of crimes go unregistered, because the police, village councils, and government officials often support the caste system, which is based on the teachings of Hinduism. Many crimes go unreported due to headache of reprisal, intimidation by police, inability to pay bribes, or simply because people know that the police will do nothing. There will be no punishment for the criminals no justice for the victimized. Amnesty estimated that only about 5 percent of attacks are registered6Hundreds of thousands of Dalits have already renounced Hinduism, generally by conversion to Buddhism or Christianity, sometimes in mass ceremonies.Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a Dalit leader, lawyer, and politician,famously led several hundred thousand Dalits in converting to Buddhism, saying I was born a Hindu, but I will not die one. Conversion is not a panacea, however, and converts to other religions, especially Christianity and Islam, have suffered continued discrimination. Some converts have lost reserved occupations on the grounds that they are no longer members of scheduled castes and converts are not counted as Dalits in the Indian census.Amidst the oppression and severelyships, Dalits still have social life which is expressed through dance and music. Theyre dance and music are full of fiery spirit, spontaneity and humour without the inhibitions and rigid classical structure that characterizes Hindu music and arts. Dalit songs celebrates life but laments their life conditions, while frankly exposing the realities of life, in a style full of humour and sensual zest, by using simple(a) instruments and vocals. In modern times, Dalit poetry and writing by social and political activists have taken centre-stage amongst the educated activist community.Despite the harsh treatment that the untouchables are receiving, there have been certain attempts to help them. The elimination of untouchability became one of the main planks of the platform of all social reform movements of India. Reform movements and humanitarian acts such as those started by Buddha, Ramanuja, Ramanand, Chaitanya, Kabir, Nanak, Tukaram and others were established but they hardly had any effect on the peoples treatment on the untouchables.7The Hindu state also enacted laws to punish those who rebelled against their intolerable conditions. The social oppression of the untouchables had religious sanctions.The British listed the poorest (principally Dalit) subcastes in 1935, creating detailed lists of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The 1948 Indian constitution, thanks to its architectDr. B. R. Ambedkar, reinforced this classification, for a system of affirmative action called reservation. The concept was that these measures would help the poorest to escape poverty and oppression.Reservation is an attempt by the Indian national government to redress past discrimination. The constitution reserves 22.5% of natio nal government jobs, state legislature seats, seats in the lower house of the national parliament and higher education places for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Unfortunately, this policy has not been implemented in full. Less than half the national government quota had been filled in total in 1998 and less than 15% of reserved public domain jobs. An unspoken policy discriminates in favor of upper castes, particularly Brahmins. Dalit representation in university teaching posts is less than 1%.New economic forces, education and patriot movements had different impacts on the treatment of the people on untouchables. Because of new economic forces, railways and buses were introduced, thus, bringing touchables and untouchables together. Modern industries established in India recruited their labor supply and labor market from both touchables and untouchables, who further worked at the machines in physical proximity to one another. The workers also fought together dur ing labor strikes.8Because of education, whether liberal or technical, their economic conditions somewhat change and different sections following different occupations began to merge, on class basis, with groups of other castes following similar occupations. The new bonds were based not on caste but on common occupation and class. This very slowly began to dissolve the mass of the untouchables into groups such as factory workers, teachers, clerks, merchants, mechanics, or manufacturers. New economic bonds between the touchables and untouchables following the same economic activity started weakening the prejudice of untouchability.9Finally, nationalist movements also contributed to the benefits received by the untouchables. For example, the Swaraj struggle demanded the democratic alliance of all castes and communities in India whose vital interests lay in the political independence of the country. The nationalist movement contributed towards the dis stem of old distinctions. The soc ial reformers were moved by humanitarian and national considerations when they crusaded against purely social evils.10The Untouchables is a topic that touches on many sensitive issues relevant to every society not only to the Indian society. One prevalent issue that the Untouchables have driven out is that of being an outcast. maybe many of us, if not all, can relate to the feeling of being unable to belong and just longing to fit in. Perhaps in high school, we tried out many roles and sought the group we most felt at home in. For the Dalits, life is high school taken to the worse extremes. From birth, they are ostracized. They are placed outside of society and seen as less than human. They are given roles that they must play, and follow a certain set of rules for the rest of their lives, or suffer the consequences. In our society, to be treated as an outcast in this manner is simply unimaginable. It would seem as though one would go through life apart from society apart from peop le. It would be as though one isnt a person at all that one would be less than a person less than even an animal.This sense of inequality was seen many times over history, in many different societies, and many are still relevant in todays society. Divisions were brought about by differences in gender, creed, and race, to name a few. Wars have been waged rallies have been set into motion and lives have been lost, with regard to all these issues. With all that has happened in our worlds history, Indias society learned nothing to deter from inequalities problems. The Dalits are maltreated and discriminated against. The maltreatment for Dalit women are even harder hit. Their people experience the ceaseless cycle of poverty.The caste system was built and based on the idea that each caste or jat has a special role to play in the society but shouldnt an individual have the right to choose what role he/she will play in the society? Is the caste system the best way to achieve an organized a nd effective society? It is understandable that breaking away from the caste system would be difficult or something very hard to get used to. India has lived through all these years with the mentality that all men are unequal and there will always be untouchables or Dalits. It has become a part of their lives and is embedded in them.There is very little pressure for change, especially within India it is said that the majority has an interest in perpetuating caste discrimination.11Protests by Dalits themselves are rare for many Dalits, day-to-day survival may be a higher priority.12To quote Human Rights Watch The solution lies in concerted international attention to assist national governments in this important and long overdue work.13If you take a look at our society, even without the caste system, you will see that this never-ending cycle of poverty is also a major problem in the Philippines, and one question still stands, that is, How can one break free from poverty? Poverty is a problem, because those experiencing it, the poor, are marginalized. They can barely afford or sometimes cannot afford basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Yes, in India, as well as the Philippines, there have been programs, laws to aid and support these people. However, it is in the implementation of these laws that fail to solve the problem.For most Hesperian people, the single action that has the best chance of making a difference would be to raise awareness of the problem, repeatedly bringing it to the attention of individuals, politicians, media, diplomats and above all the Indian government.14The lack of will to change and unity among people (in India, as well as the Philippines) is one important problem in breaking away from poverty and making a change. Therefore, the caste system or these political divisions continue to live in the minds of many, leaving millions of untouchables or Dalits trapped in a world of oppression and poverty.Change is something much called for in the Indian society, in our society, and in many others around our world today. We can study the oppressive Dalit cases time and time again. We can feel disgusted, depressed, and down reading about them, and we can wonder, can their lives ever change? It isnt enough to read and wonder, in order for change, action is a must. In retrospect, there isnt much radical action one can take for the Dalits when still in second year college in the Philippines. However, we believe there is much we can do in the future, for our society, as well as others. In the words of Mahatma Ghandi, be the change you want to see in the world.

The Teapot Dome Scandal

The Teapot Dome ScandalTarryl GarnerThe topic is Teapot Dome scandal. People in the office decided to make a company for oil colour to make more money for themselves. Harding c on the wholeed for a drive off to normalcy, which meant support for the pursuit of private profit. The wad in the office was caught and had to turn the oil company to the navy. The Teapot Dome scandal of 1923 was the worst of many political scandals of Hardings tenure and of the 1920s in general. It happened in 1921-1923. It was the first time that a president that had a scandal.The first person who is involved in Teapot Dome is Albert B. Fall. Albert Fall received approximately four hundred thousand dollars supervene upon for his favoritism. Fall was the United States Senator from recent Mexico and the secretary under President Warren G Harding in notable for his involvement. Albert Fall became the first cabinet official was sent to prison. The second person is Edwin C. Denby. Edwin singed all the lease s Edwin was alter of all the charges he had. Became interested in mines, lumber, land, railroads, farming, and stock raising member Territorial House of Representatives 1891-1892. Convicted of bribery for leasing federal lands to oil companies in exchange for in the flesh(predicate) loans. Fall spent nine months in a New Mexico state prison. Fall retied in major Marine Corps in the United States adjudge in 1919. Appointed chief probation officer in the recorders court of the city of Detroit and in the circuit court of Wayne County in 1920. Resumed the practice of law and various transaction enterprises died in Detroit Michigan February 8, 1929 interment in Elmwood Cemetery. He also was well known as a dancer. He was writer and wrote books. The third person was Harry F Sinclair. Sinclair wanted to be in a businesses into the oil fields, which was in the early phase of their development in the central part of the country. He was an American indus outpouringist and was the founder of the Oil confederation. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome Scandal. He served six months in prison for jury tampering. Sinclair decided he didnt want to be in jail so he decided to deny all guilt so he can get approve into the oil company to make more money that he lost, which continued to prosper. During the Great Depression, he purchased troubled oil companies continuing to build a nationally network of oil fields, pipelines, and refineries. The fourth person is Edward L. Sinclair. In 1922 Sinclair was the president of the Mammoth oil company, Sinclair was received the rights to the Teapot Dome. He rose from years as a drifter to become the richest man in America. He wants to spend his locomote years in prolonged court battles on charges of bribery and corruption in the famous Teapot Dome Scandal. While Edward Sinclair waits for his second trial, for bribery, Doheny faced a major family tragedy. Edward Doheny was a friend of fall was prominent in the American petrol eum and Transport Company was leaked in the fields in California Elk hills. Edward Doheny was guilty of bribery charge, but Edward was forced to repay $47 million in settlements, taxes, and penalties by the court. The last person was Warren G. Harding. Warren G. Harding was elected the 29th U.S. president on his birthday, and served from 1921 to 1923. At age 14, Harding attended Ohio Central College where he edited the campus intelligence informationpaper and became an effectuate public speaker. He personally overturned or allowed Congress to reverse many policies of the Wilson Administration and approved tax cuts on higher incomes and protective tariffs.Facts astir(predicate) the teapot dome scandal. It was named after rock formation. Fall received bribes of over $400,000 it did not remain as a secret for along time. Greatest and the most shocking scandal in the history of American politics. The Teapot Dome was a geological formation that traps oil underground by the layers of the rocks layer up to form a dome. In 1924, the senate inquiry concluded that the Teapot Dome and Elk hills oil leases had been fraudulent and corrupt. Both Albert Fall and Edwin Denby they had to resign from office because of the Teapot Dome scandal however, President Harding was not involved to have a role in the illegal dealing. Edwin Denby was not fraud but with his helping, the other he was forced to resign from the office. When President Harding he surrounded himself with a group of his old friends that become known as the Ohio gang. Then on August 2nd 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly of a subject matter attack. Calvin Coolidge became president.The Teapot Dome scandal period was from 1921-1923. The First World War ends for the United States in August of 1921 when the U.S. and Germany signed the Treaty of Berlin. New York Yankee pitcher babe Ruth hit his 138th home run during June of 1921. Ruth broke the career home-run record that had been held by Roger Connor for 2 3 years. Seven of the sixteen major railway unions at the time joined to protest wage cuts for railway maintenance workers. At the start of the strike about 400,000 workers walked off the job and while the strike had whatever economic effects across the country.The surrounding circumstances. Fall secret granted to Harry Sinclair of the oil company to see if he had the exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome Wyoming reserves. He granted similar rights to Edward L. Doheny of pan American Petroleum Company for the Elk Hills reserves in California. They all came very rich. Teapot Dome is a geological sport in Wyoming, Teapot Dome named for nearby rock, and you can see the oil company. In addition, private wells surrounded the naval reserve fields, siphoning off their underground deposits. When the news became public in April 1922, conservationists and small oil producers in Wyoming, who objected to the secrecy and lack of competitive bidding, raised a storm of protest. Teapot Dome was onl y the most hammy example of corruption by Hardings appointees. President Coolidge set up the Federal Oil Conservation Board to encourage closer coordination in oil output between the federal government and the oil industry. A company from Sinclair and the rest of the peck that was in the scandal indicating that the bonds receiving good things from the leases.There were rumors where in which couple people in Hardings Administration had bought a rich deserted oil reserve in Wyoming to private interest to eventually payback the bribes toward the company. The senate public do a choice to investigate the Albert fall received not only $100,000 from Doheny Fall also received $300,000 from Sinclair the president of Mammoth oil company Fall exchange it to cash for the use of the Teapot Dome oil reserve. It started with rumors that the members of the administration had purchases some the remote rich land which was an oil reserve in Wyoming to private interests in return for bribes. Some m en in New Mexico had become increasingly suspicious when they noticed fall buying more land and improving his property there, and oilmen in Wyoming and Colorado began to write their Congressmen in protest and for information. At an executive session of the Public Lands Committee on January 26, 1924, Walsh introduced an idea where he introduced on a Monday during the Senate consequence calling on President Coolidge to annul the leases of Teapot Dome and Elk Hills and to appoint a special counsel to investigate and prosecute the individuals of all who were involved in the mater.The effect on the government. Judge T Blake ruled against the government to give the scandal to someone else but the leases were finally cancelled when the United States Supreme cost overturned the Kennedy decision. Became synonymous with government corruption and the scandals arising out of the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Since then, it has sometimes been used to symbolize the power and in fluence of oil companies in America politics. Occidental Petroleum Company took over operations there in 1998 in the largest single divestiture of federal property in the history of the US government. Which currently produces a small amount of crude oil and natural gas and earns approximately $5 million per year for the federal government. Eventually everything was okay the United States Supreme Court decided to get rid of the lease inoperative and the oil company at the Teapot Dome and Elk hills was returned to the government.The suffering of the people were involved in the teapot scandal. Albert B. Fall was convinced of bribery he served nine months of a one-year sentence but after 9 months he been in jail he was released because of bad health. Harry Sinclair was put in prison he served six and half months in prison. Harry Sinclair left prison denying all guilt and returned to his oil business, which continued to prosper. Edward Doheny was acquitted again of the bribery charge, b ut was ordered by the courts to repay $47 million in settlements, taxes, and penalties. Edward Doheny son was killed by Plunkett. Plunkett later comminuted suicide because Plunkett feared that he was going to be sent to prison for helping delivering cash to Albert Fall.The outcome of the Teapot Dome scandal. District Judge T. Blake Kennedy ruled in favor of against the government, but the leases were finally cancelled when Supreme Court overturned the Kennedy decision. Concluded that the Teapot Dome and elk hills oil leases had been fraudulent and corrupt. The federal government brought the trial to federal court in the state of Wyoming to deny the bribery-induced leases to Teapot Dome that fall had given to Sinclair. Congress made President Harding to cancel the leases. The Supreme Court made the leases cheating ruled illegal the charges what President Harding had go against Albert Fall.People in the office decided to make a company for oil for a rest period plan to make a lot of money. When you are in charged you should become a leader and show people how to be a reform person.

Venezuela Essay -- Violence, Murder, Robbery, Kidnapping

Venezuela is a dangerous country, and its capital, Caracas is an extremely dangerous city. Venezuela is a deadlier place then Iraq, with about four times the number of deaths from violence in Venezuela then in Iraq. In 2008 the homicide rate for Venezuela was 48 for every 100,000 people. In the linked States the rate was 5.6 per 100,000 (Llana, 2008). A 2010 report puts the murder rate at 75 per 100,000 (Shooting gallery, 2010). Caracas has become the deadliest city in the world, with approximately 200 murders per 100,000 people (Romero, 2010 US discussion section of State, 2010). That is in contrast to New Orleans, the city in the United States with the highest murder rate at 52 per 100,000 people, and considered the deadliest city in the US (FBI, 2010). In an example of the dangers of just being in Caracas, on August 13th, 2010, Chinese baseball player Cheuk Woon Yee Sinne was struck by a stray bullet as she took the field for a match in Caracas (Shooting Gallery, 2010). The US Department of State, in their travel information on Venezuela, lists murder, robbery, and cunts as problems for travelers. Thieves will rob their victims using guns or knives and they are not afraid to use force. Thieves will charge attack their victims in crowded markets with little worry. Kidnappings are also a threat in Caracas. One type of kidnapping is the express kidnapping that gouge occur at the airport. Victims are taken, usually at gunpoint, to withdraw as much money as possible from ATMs. There is also the virtual kidnapping where scam surveys are used to get contact and personal information on minors. The kidnapper then calls the parents for ransoms without the child actually being taken. A tierce type of kidnapping is the i... ...country (James, 2010b).In order to help with the health care of Caracas poor, the Chvez government has brought doctors from Cuba to Venezuela. The Cuban doctors live with the residents of the barrios of Caracas, setting up offices in novel rooms. The Cuban doctors are not only available to deal with whatever emergencies that should arise (heart attacks, child births, gunshot wounds), but one of their primary goals is preventive medicinal drug (sexual health, the importance of boiling water, proper meal preparation). There is opposition to the Cuban doctors, with the Venezuelan Medical union claiming that the Cubans do not have proper accreditation. The Federation has even won a lawsuit against the government, with a ruling that the Cuban doctors had to be replaced with Venezuelans. The government ignored the ruling, and dissolved the court (Ceaser, 2004).

Gilgamesh and Odysseus: Perfect Heros Essay -- Epic of Gilgamesh Odyss

Gilgamesh and Odysseus Perfect HerosGilgamesh and Odysseus are similar not completely in their physical appearances but also in the way the two of them administer with lifes dilemmas. Although Gilgamesh and Odysseus possess great strength and sharp minds, their own flaws blind them similarly, which does not aid in their quest for what they desire. As part of their zepic character, the gods must race them in order to reach their goals. In every epic from antiquity, the greatest challenge a hero must overcome is not a whale or an evil tyrant but themselves. They wish to have glory, honor, and a place in history forever. Doing something that no one else could ever do again is what a hero desires to do. From Gilgamesh to The Odyssey, epic heroes constantly have to reinvent themselves to overcome their own weaknesses and shortcomings. Each has to learn from their previous mistakes, using the gods? help, so they can implement their dreams. In doing this, Odysseus and Gilgamesh will reach their goals. The dictionary defines hero in mythology and legend as, a man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for his bold exploits, and innate(p) of divine or royal blood. He is a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. In addition, I believe a hero is one to be looked up to and emulated. What is interesting about epic heroes is that their great deeds and exploits all have to do with defeating themselves, so with help from the gods they can truly become heroic. They can only defeat themselves with the help of the gods.The heroes also possess uncommon powers of the body and mind. They are draw as being the utmost in clever and crafty doings but... ...heir journeys or overcome their limitations had it not been for the gods. Of all of the requirements of heroism, being influenced by the gods is the most important. save through the aid of the gods can a character defeat his s hortcomings and truly understand what a hero is. The character must become overconfident and prideful, then, and only then, can the gods step in and break their faults. Finally, the hero either comes to realize how wrong he was or he dies in ignorance. Works Citedhttp//www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=heroHomer, The Odyssey, The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, ed. Maynard Mack, Expanded Edition, (New York W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 219-503.Translated by N.K. Sandars, Gilgamesh, The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces Expanded Edition, ed. Maynard Mack, Expanded Edition, (New York W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 13-42

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Essay

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Michael Hammer and James Champy became the uncontested experts to the corporate world for their excogitation of re-engineering. Why? What magical formula did these two individuals profess would make America great again? This essay will take a critical learn at Hammer and Champys retain, Re-engineering the Corporation. Does this book have merit? Is it based on sound principles? It does not matter whether you agree or not, it only matters that you consider completely the viewpoints.Moreover, image becomes all-important in competition, not only through name-brand recognition but also because of various associations of respectability, quality, prestige, reliability, and innovation. Competition in the image-building trade becomes a brisk aspect of inter-firm competition. (David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity 1989 page 288) What image did Hammer and Champy paint with their book? Lets begin with the title, Re engineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution. It is my contention that they Hammer and Champy wrote this book to profit on their knowledge and as such used a title that would embrace both the employer Reengineering the Corporation and the worker A Manifesto for Business Revolution. While both the employer and worker argon concerned with the never-ending battle of power and control in the workplace, the employer also strives for greater profits private company or in a human beings sector arena, providing services more efficiently. The worker on the other hand is concerned with compensation wages and benefits, job security, health and safety and advancement within the physical composition. only it is not only the title that is attractive to the Employer. The book cover has been designed to legitimize Hammer and Champy. Who would not want to read a book that was a National Bestseller printed by HarperBusiness Essentials? Furthermore, Peter Drucker respected in the business world has provided positive reinforcement that this is An important book that describes the principles behind a new my emphasis and systematic my emphasis approach to structuring my emphasis and managing my emphasis work. (Hammer /Champy 2001) As well, the back cover not only provides the necessary kudos for Hammer and Champy, it also hints to the unspeakable ... ...roach suggests that what is necessary is to reinterpret the current status and to accept that the subordinates are already powerful, rather than attempt to reverse what already exists.(IDRL 317 Book of Readings 2005 pg. 56)It would be narrow-minded to state that Hammer and Champy only became the gurus for reengineering because of image, however, their approach to the new work organization is neither new nor the only model to choose from. New technology has opened the floodgates for a more flexible and diverse workforce. Globalization has become the brainish force behind the need for corporations to reengineer . Hammer and Champy did not have a magical formula but they were the first individuals to put common sense to paper. It is something to conceptualise about when considering reengineering.ReferencesReengineering the Organization, Study Guide, IDRL 317, 2005, Athabasca UniversityGrint, Keith Reengineering History Social Resonances and Business Process Reengineering, IDRL 317 Book of Readings 2005 Athabasca UniversityHammer M., Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation, HarperBusiness Essentials, 2001Harvey D., The Condition of Postmodernity, Blackwell, 1989

Essay --

Ken Griffey Jr., Barry Bonds, Ozzie Smith, and Tony Gwynn What do they all have in common? They are all some of the most famous African-American baseball game players to ever play in the Major Leagues. One man, though, made it possible for all of them to play in the Major Leagues. That mans name is turdie Robinson. Although Jackie Robinson face up many adversities throughout his lifetime, he persevered and became the first African-American in Major League Baseball, breaking the color barrier and changing the world of baseball forever. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. President Theodore Roosevelt, who died twenty-five days before Robinson was born, was the inspiration for his middle name (42 Facts). Robinsons first stint with adversity came adept six months after he was born when his father abandoned the family and ran off to Texas with the neighbors wife. Robinson and his four older siblings were raised single -handedly by their mother. later on his dad deserted the family, Robinsons mother decided to sell what little they had and move herself and her children in with her brother in Pasadena, California (Robinson, Jackie). While his mother was at work, Robinson would go to school with his older sister, Willa Mae, but since he was not old enough to be enrolled, he would often times have to sit in the sandbox outside of the school all day. Robinsons first encounter with racial scrutiny came when he was about eight years old. He was wholesale the sidewalk when a little white neighbor girl shouted Nigger, nigger, nigger at him. He was old enough to know how to respond and did so by calling the little girl cracker. Her father stormed out of the house to confront Rob... ...ican TV sports analyst. He broadcasted for ABCs MLB Game of the Week in 1965 (42 Facts). On October 24, 1972, Robinson died from complications of diabetes in Stamford, Connecticut, at the age of 53. Many people say the dia betes worsened because of the stress he was under throughout his life. In June of that year, the Dodgers retired Robinsons unvaried number of 42 and all the teams in the league began to follow and also retire the number 42. Baseball would be extremely different than it is now if it was not for Jackie Robinson. He did not just break the color barrier, he showed this country that if you never give up, great things can happen. He brought whites and blacks together in a time where it was hard to do such a thing. Jackie Robinson will always be one of the greatest baseball players in the history of the game. After all, he was pushed to be the greatest.

The Pressure Brought On By College Essay -- University Stress Peer Pre

The Pressure Brought On By CollegeSocially, religiously, and scholastically, a persons value argon severely challenged as he enters college. A study university has many evil faces that can alter a persons values if he or she is not c atomic number 18ful. Fraternities and their counterpart, sororities, target freshmen mainly because theyre young, easily influenced, and lonesome. Religious organizations try their best to counter the fraternities by gathering these young scholars to dispersed their word. The University of Georgia itself causes turmoil in these assimilators beliefs by requiring classes that promote a change in merit. These are the main things that I have encountered as a student through the University, and all three intrude on my privacy. (in her canvas Keeping Close to Home,)bell hooks argues that a college campus is a station where concourse hide in that respect original selves. At a time when someones values are constantly being tested they should show their true feelings in frame to avoid conflicts later in life.Fraternities and sororities play a major role in the choices a person makes as he enters college. They target the young because they are simply the easiest to influence. Most of these students are apart from home with no friends. They are hungry to belong to a group, and a Fraternity offers a sense of togetherness that these lambs away from the herd need. Once hooked and interested in comme il faut a member, recruits are constantly challenged to drink and perform embarrassing tasks to prove how dedicated they are to becoming a brother. These rushies can possibly be beaten, by all odds made to clean non-stop, and constantly forced to run errands for the older brothers. Hazing, or abusing a recruit, has supposedly been abolis... ...he said that a university forces you to hide your background. She said this about the years she attended Stanford, I lived alone, like the one Mormon student who kept to himself as he made a concentrated effort to remain true to his religious beliefs and values (hooks 88 ). Yes, you can be highly influenced at a college to change, sound now I have never had to hide my beliefs. I gibe its different for me to attend UGA and for her to attend Stanford. She should not mask who she is, and she should be proud and teach these people not to stereotype. Overall, a University system is a great place and I love every second of being on campus. There are just some things that need to be fixed before I graduate.Works Citedhooks, bell. Keeping Close to Home. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 85-95. The Pressure Brought On By College Essay -- University Stress Peer PreThe Pressure Brought On By CollegeSocially, religiously, and scholastically, a persons values are severely challenged as he enters college. A major university has many evil faces that can alter a persons values if he or she is not careful. Fraternities and their counterpart, sororities, target freshmen mainly because theyre young, easily influenced, and lonesome. Religious organizations try their best to counter the fraternities by gathering these young scholars to spread their word. The University of Georgia itself causes turmoil in these students beliefs by requiring classes that promote a change in merit. These are the main things that I have encountered as a student through the University, and all three intrude on my privacy. (in her essay Keeping Close to Home,)bell hooks argues that a college campus is a place where people hide there true selves. At a time when someones values are constantly being tested they should show their true feelings in order to avoid conflicts later in life.Fraternities and sororities play a major role in the choices a person makes as he enters college. They target the young because they are simply the easiest to influence. Most of these students are away from home with no friends. They are hungry to belong to a group, and a Fraternity offers a sense of togetherness that these lambs away from the herd need. Once hooked and interested in becoming a member, recruits are constantly challenged to drink and perform embarrassing tasks to prove how dedicated they are to becoming a brother. These rushies can possibly be beaten, definitely made to clean non-stop, and constantly forced to run errands for the older brothers. Hazing, or abusing a recruit, has supposedly been abolis... ...he said that a university forces you to hide your background. She said this about the years she attended Stanford, I lived alone, like the one Mormon student who kept to himself as he made a concentrated effort to remain true to his religious beliefs and values (hooks 88 ). Yes, you can be highly influenced at a college to change, but I have never had to hide my beliefs. I guess its different for me to attend UGA and for her to attend Stanford. She sh ould not mask who she is, and she should be proud and teach these people not to stereotype. Overall, a University system is a great place and I love every second of being on campus. There are just some things that need to be fixed before I graduate.Works Citedhooks, bell. Keeping Close to Home. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 85-95.