Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Mutual Exclusion in Multiprocessor Systems Essay

Mutual censure in Multi surgical operationor Systems - Essay ExampleThis issue can be resolved by employing an appropriate interchangeable exclusion of the programs and their resources so that no two programs would request for the same resource if one and only(a) of them is using it already. Therefore, under many occasions, it is important for the programs to recognise the usage of any of the resources and should provide for resolving the same at the earliest possible opportunity. This paper aims at studying the possible mutual exclusion algorithms that ar employed in a uni-processor system and in a multi-processor system.With reference to the execution of a code or a section of a code, these should not be executed by two processes at the same time. They are to be critical code. Assuming that there will be triple processes running on multiple processors, there could be more than one process requesting for the same resource. It is important for all the requesting processes to al low one process to run at a time. Mutual exclusion algorithms should ideally provide lee-way for the following options1. independence from deadlock Locking is the simplest way of avoiding repeat use of critical processes. While locking can be effective for stopping execution of a job, when another one is running, it might not be cross proof. For instance, if process 1 locks a critical section A for its use and it makes use of section B for execution of the section A and suppose process 2 locks section B and for its execution if it call for section A which is locked already by process 1, then a dead lock occurs. (Figure 1). some(prenominal) successful mutual exclusion should also avoid deadlocking.2. Freedom from Livelocking This is a desirable requirement for the algorithms oblation the mutual exclusion. This would ensure that there is no permanent lock existing for any process a corollary of the deadlocking. But it also says that if some process wants to enter a critical secti on, one such process will enter the critical section. This implies that the one

Monday, April 29, 2019

Strategic Marketing Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe Dissertation

Strategic trade Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe - Dissertation ExampleWhen it was termed that the strategical cookery was not feasible, practitioners might want to emphasise ill-considered term planning for SMEs in Zimbabwe. Further, the findings for the occurrence of SMEs in Zimbabwe could provide a basis for further get wind on the implications of strategic planning for other developing countries, and for countries in similar economic and political conditions to Zimbabwe. realizationI am greatly indebted to my dissertation supervisor, Professor David Crick, who has constantly provided me with his support, encouragement, and guidance.DeclarationI, Charles Mudekunye, declare that wholly information in this project has been compiled by me. Any quoting is stated as so, and when references are made to previous(prenominal) work, they appear as references at the end of the report.No part of this dissertation has been submitted in support of an drill for another degree or qualificati on from the university or any other institute of learning. Charles Mudekunye19th September 2006 gameboard of ContentsAbstract 1Acknowledgement 2 Declaration 3Table of Contents... The review, analysis, discussion and case studies in the paper conclude that the strategic planning is necessary for the success of SMEs. Too much of it brush aside also result in non-productive situations in the environment like Zimbabwe. The reason is that the long-term strategic planning cannot be applicable for the situation in the Zimbabwe. The reason is that the inflation and interest place are changing sometimes on a quarterly basis. The market availability for the majority of the businesses was less and this restricts the use of strategic planning. The SMEs are finding tough to get funds in the form of loans as the lending rates are higher. These higher lending rates can come down when the inflation comes down and organization decreases internal borrowings. So this lapse cannot be addressed imm ediately and can be solved in the course of time as the agricultural production maturations and people spend less on market-gardening and find enough money to spend on other goods. This study makes a conclusion that the preponderating inflation is capable of restricting the majority of the people to spend money on the things other than food, clothing, and housing. As the market was absent, the banks and financial institutions are also not finding enough businesses to lend their money. This, in turn, was resulting in nonavailability of the funds for low interest. The government should not budge to these types of pressures and must encourage the domestic industry to increase the production, which is capable of increasing the value of the ZWD.

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Aristotle and relationships at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aristotle and relationships at work - Essay ExampleHappiness, to Aristotle, can easily be misjudged. Aristotle thought that people think happiness is a result of virtue, and through virtues like honor, pleasure and sympathy a hu opus being can achieve happiness. But, according to Aristotle, this is not so the pursuit of these does not equal happiness but buy the farms one away from happiness. In actuality, happiness is achieved through self-sufficiency. But Aristotle clarifies this in his Nicomachean morality Now by self-sufficient we do not mean that is sufficient by a man himself, one which leads a solitary life, but also for parents, children, wife and in general for his friends and citizens (Aristotle 7). mankind is born of citizenship and through the adherence to the people he loves he will find happiness. But Nicomachean Ethics goes on to describe self-sufficiency as that which when isolated makes one desirable, and lacking in nothing and such we think happiness to be (Ari stotle 8). Happiness within self-sufficiency is the end of action, not the experience of doing responsibility by close members of friends and family, but the result of these actions.To Aristotle, happiness also has a snowball effect. Happiness comes from continual good actions, and though a couple small blunders wont make someone unhappy, per se, it is the combine results of good deeds and general goodness one achieves self-sufficiency and happiness. Though it is easy for a man to be distracted by the unhappiness or happiness of his fellow man, Aristotle continually emphasizes the fact that self-sufficiency, an case-by-case motivator, should take precedence and one shouldnt be flummoxed by the successes or failures of people around him. This could lead to unhappiness, and this lack of focus often does.One can certainly apply these ideas of Aristotalian happiness to

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Trading decisions of individual investors Evidence of psychological Essay

Trading decisions of individual investors Evidence of psychological biases - Essay eccentricThe Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors, Barber and Odean (2000).Barber and Odean (2000) studied data of broth marketplace transactions undertaken by 78,000 households, from January 1991 to December 1996. Under the overconfidence model, investors who are overconfident about penalize a profitable trade volition trade more frequently in the market, and because much of their market action will be based on emotion (overconfidence) rather than deliberate and pragmatic study, their trades will be of lower expected utility. The resulting net return of households with high derangement will be lowly to those less(prenominal)(prenominal) frequently traded accounts.By comparison, the rational expectation framework of Grossman and Stiglitz posit that when investors trade, it is because they perceive that the marginal realise they will realize is greater than the marginal co st they will incur. Since such(prenominal) investors trade only when such opportunity presents itself, which probably will be as often as not, then the rational investor transacts less frequently, incurring a lower aggregate transaction cost.The study discovered that households that have lower turnover (and thus traded less frequently) had larger accounts that those households that had higher turnover. This may be explained by the fact that investors who trade less frequently are longer-term investors whose objective in entering the market is for capital appreciation rather than the officious buck. They will tend to select stocks of blue chip, investor, quality, and to maintain that gravel for years.The earlier investigation done by Odean (1998) sought to discover whether or not individual investors tended to maintain a losing position too long and, conversely, close out on their gaining stocks too soon. This has direct bearing on the luck Theory by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), o riginally conceived as a

Friday, April 26, 2019

Leadership within Non-Profits (Identify a Non-Profit) Essay

Leadership within Non-Profits (Identify a Non-Profit) - prove ExampleThe volunteers govern the Ameri rotter Red Cross. It is located in Washington. Bonnie McElveen- Hunter is the board of governors hot seat Gail J. McGovern is the current American red cross president. Leadership in the American Red cross aims at attracting sufficient funds or capital and making sound strategies. Due to this, the organization has strong leading that aim to these goals (Jones 35).The leaders in the American Red Cross use transformational skills, which is about thinking and collar the problem in an organization. It is also about thinking, understanding, and setting the goals for employees. The goals set are challenging but workers can give them through hard work. This is important because without the challenging goals, employees or workers would not be motivated to reach out their full effort to work. This achievement of challenging goals helps the leader to develop his leadership qualities and ma kes him better equipped to achieve hard tasks. For instance, American Red Cross leadership has set out a fierce cause to encourage people to donate blood and funds. This is done through the creation of awareness among the people both(prenominal) domestically and internationally. The American Red Cross process and distribute the collected blood.Transformational leadership at American Red Cross facilitates and redefines peoples vision and mission (Robbins 77). It also renews peoples commission and restructures their systems to accomplish a certain goal. Thus, a mutual relationship stimulates and elevates follower to become leaders. In addition, it may also convert leaders to become deterrent example agents. Transformational leadership should therefore be grounded on moral foundation. For example, when disaster strikes the American Red Cross provides food, health, and shelter to ensure that victims have basic human ask and to enable the get back to the way things were (Jones 41-4 4).Leadership at the American Red Cross aims at

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Medical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Medical Ethics - Essay ExampleSuch an individual whose mend field of training is entirely concentrated with treatment or diagnosis may not intimately possess or acquire interpersonal and conceptual skills demanded by consent. It is, therefore, another thing demanding that a furbish up ought to acquire expertise and could entirely not be reasonable. It is, therefore, worth recommending that they acquire proficiency in discordant fields of medicine although also protecting them on a legal framework where their rights may be violated.There will be instances where a doctor will work better aware of the medical checkup examination ethics involved although not declaring whizz as ethicists (Beauchamp and Childress 2009). Moe often than not, there are the conflict of interests among the roles. For instance, one could take a nurse as an advocate for her patients who at a moment collide with prioritized tasks such as resource allocation, diagnosis or treatments guided by the principles of contract, misrepresentation and regulation. Observing such an item on a legal platform, courts encompass the role although this could be argued as merely exchange medical for legal paternalism (McFadden 2010). This paper will explore what lies behind informed consent versus disclosure and the terms giving medication it directed by medical ethics and the legal framework. Here in, Chester v Afshar(2004)is one of theEnglish civil wrong lawcases regardingcausationsin ahealthcare negligenceconcept to guide this paper in expounding the concept. The House of Lords were of the verdict that a practitioners failure to provide informed consent to a patient of medical risks vitiates the want to indicate that harm could have resulted from failure to inform the subject.As any(prenominal) of these fields may be non-medical, from a strict perspective, it may derive an argument from withdrawing treatment and reading disclosure decisions. The tort of negligence must be patient-centered rath er than medical team oriented. It may see like an

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Nightingale Scholarship Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nightingale acquaintance - Personal Statement Exampleonely who need someone to attend to their needs, such as the paralytic who cannot work on their own, or the elderly who suffer from arthritis, thus cannot move about. I have a ain fanaticism to become a nurse because of my caring and compassionate heart. this humanitarian heart allows me to listen to hurl people, as well as feel their pain in order to assist them to them recover from their illnessesMy inspiration to become a nurse started developing when in was still in high school whereby I was an EMT. As such, I worked as a medical ambassador by taking good sustainment of patients. It was during this time that I also learned how to conduct a CPR, how to treat patients, as well as how to undertake a number of first aid practices at UIC Medical Center. This ushered me into the world of medicine, and particularly in to nursing as I learnt how to care and attend to sick

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Leadership Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Assessment - Essay ExampleThis volition encourage them to work harder as well as take an interest in the goals and ambitions of the organization as they do not propensity to be responsible for its failure to achieve them. This leadership style eachows for the discussion of various trims and the input of all the employees involved in the making of a decision. The organization operates under a Divisional structure that is knowing to enhance team development within the organization. This structure moves through grouping each organizational function into a division that is staffed with the necessary individuals and requirements in order to operate efficiently (Robbins & Judge, 2007). For example, the financial aspects of the organization go away be dealt with by the finance division of the organization. This allows for the negation of any potential confusion and allows for an individual to hone their blood skills within the workplace. This is because every division can be considered to be a team thus the accent mark on team development whereby individuals in the same division need to work together and with separate divisions to reach the organizations goals thus developing the relationship skills of the employees as a result (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The transaction of the Company CEO in terms of ethical behavior and communication can be considered to be of a high level as he was successful in getting his employees to understand what he needed from them in a way that motivated the various individuals to give their best in the tasks that they were reach (Deckers, 2010). His ethics were also impressive as at no time did he show favoritism to one particular individual or group and operated on a basis of deserved deserve when dealing with his employees. This led to the employees being motivated to improve on their work performance as they were advance by the fact that only their hard work would be the basis for recognition by the political par ty meaning that everyone in the organization had a fair chance at climbing up the ladder. in that location are various practices that an organizational leader can use to motivate their employees to improve their work ethic. almost of these practices include the issuing of rewards for jobs well done. This will motivate an employee to give their best in whatever their operative on as they try to achieve this award (Deckers, 2010). The reward in itself does not have to be a major gift and could be simple such as an additional off twenty-four hour period for the employee, a gift card or any small token of appreciation that makes the individual purport the club has recognized the good work they have done. An early(a) way of motivating employees can be through the hosting of social events for the workers. This could be a way of saying thank you for the hard work and will motivate them to make their company proud through the work that they do (Deckers, 2010). These events could be Ch ristmas or other holiday parties or even hosting a birthday party for the longest serving employee in the company for example. A third practice in motivating employees is the issuing of equity shares to the workers that will make them regain like they are part of the company therefore its success will be their success. Diversity is an issue that can bring about a

Monday, April 22, 2019

The leadership secret of Genghis Khan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The lead secret of Genghis caravanserai - Essay ExampleWith the booster of such skills he could easily justify treachery and win want of the individuals living in the domains of his empire. The theories of Peter Principle were non applicable for Genghis Khan. Right from a simple tribal leader to an emperor, Genghis Khan never altered his principles and morality. He was not only a great leader, but also a loyal ruler for all his subjects. Leadership in terms of Genghis Khan not only comprised of loyal and moral virtues, but also gave immense importance to ambitiousness and augmentation. Emotion and regime were symbiotically present in Genghis Khans ruling methodologies. Genghis Khan believed that economic or political lead was never possible without alterations in the socio cultural aspects of a region. Whenever, he succeeded a new territory, he first strategically altered the existing socio cultural traditions and then imposed his leading authorities in that domain. Genghis Khans ruling did not encompass the traditional mass murder strategic weapon. His leadership methodologies are the once that can easily be utilized in the modern days (Lane 67). However, the weapons utilize by his troops were primitive bow and arrows. He was extravagantlyly powerful and his subjects worshipped him as God. Genghis Khans leadership had both good and bad factors. In the primary 18 years of his rule he caused deaths of millions in wars. However, under his leadership, Genghis Khan provided security to his subjects and catered to their interests. However, emotions and generosity were the inimitable features of Genghis Khans statute. Genghis Khan was neither a democrat nor a dictator. He was humble and generous ruler in nature but still possessed high powers to rule over his large empire. Even after his death, his followers... John Man in his defend has taken an active initiative to combine past and present affairs of political and economic rule. The book is effective, useful, tumesce written and interesting. It can be of great help for all the new aspiring leaders in the contemporary business world. The underlying leadership principles mentioned in the book are exclusive theories that actually help to analyze the importance of Genghis monarchy in determination of modern leadership principles. Instead of looking into modern theories and principles, this book shows how history can help in current economic growth through effective leadership norms. The theories mentioned in the book helps all the readers to explore and nurture their own modern leadership theories. Such learnt would for certain help leaders to improve their corporate workplaces in this complex economic system.

The Great Inflation of the 1970s in the United States Term Paper

The Great pomposity of the 1970s in the coupled States - Term Paper ExampleFrom this research it is clear that the Great Inflation of the 1970s was a time period that epitomized the United States struggle with double-digit inflation invests beginning early in the 1970s until early 1980s. As asserted by many authors and in many literatures, post World War II economists and politicians toyed with plastered ideas proposed by Keynesian economics. According to this type of economics, it is possible to trade off inflation and employment to touch some economic stability and growth, albeit for a short-term objective. According to this school of thought, small amounts of inflation could be allowed to help lower unemployment rates, thereby, attaining grittyer overall economic output. The main weakness of the Keynesian economics was that patronage the fact that inflation may lead to increased employment such a strategy l mavensome(prenominal) has short-term effects. For example, a lot of cash in circulation results in boosted demand for goods and services and a like drop in interest rates. Interestingly, people always mistake this influx in money leave with wealth, thus, increase their spending and demand for goods and services. Unfortunately, it would later require a higher rate of inflation to happen upon the same economic effects. In the case of the Great Inflation of the 1970s, the United States was experiencing both high unemployment and inflation, a situation that the Keynesian economists would somehow consider impossible. ... ore, although a central bank may tirelessly get wind to formulate and implement monetary policies that would curb inflation, the immediate negative economic effects of these policies and political pressures storm most central banks relenting and inflation returning (Bulkley, p135). Simply put, inflation refers to a general increase in the prices of goods and services and/or cost of living over a given period. Accompanying this incr ease in prices is the weakening of a currency, implying that such a currency buys fewer items than before the inflation. In other words, the get power of a currency is reduced day by day, which is measured by the rate of inflation. The rate of inflation is the percentage change in the general price index, calculated as an annual figure. Although a high inflation rate is bad for an economy, a zero or a negative one is equally bad unlike a low inflation rate, which is beneficial to a country. For instance, a high inflation is found to interfere with the behaviors of consumers who may want to buy their requirements in advance, fearing further increases in goodness prices (White, p10). This consumer behavior has an effect of stabilizing the market by way of creating preventable shortages. This paper explores the Great Inflation of 1970s in the United States concerning its background, effects, causes, and the monetary policies in the preceding and succeeding years. The Great Depression close to scholars, economists and historians have described the Great Inflation of the 1970s as one of the biggest economic gaps in the write up of not only the United States but also of other countries around the world. Also described as the biggest domestic blunder ever for the United States, the Great Inflation of the 1970s played a kinda central role in the

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Write an essay on Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in which you

Write an on Henrik Ibsen&aposs A Doll&aposs House in which you either support or oppose Nora Helmer&aposs decision at the conclusion of the play to leave her family - rise ExampleShe is heroic and not selfish as most critics conclude.Critics of Nora Helmers decision to leave her family at the end of the play point out that she was too impulsive. An example in the play is Mrs. Linde who decides that she ought to take make out of the man she making loves for her to be contented with herself (Ibsen & Henrietta 6). Her character is a complete opposite of Noras character in terms of attitudes and emotions. The character of Mrs. Linde clearly shows that Noras decision to leave her family was not the but decision visible(prenominal) to women in her situation. Other critics who have read the book like the Swedish playwright August Strindberg endeavour Noras decision to leave her family as unacceptable (Billington 1). This is because the marriage covenant was considered holy. He condem ns Noras appearance and deems her as irresponsible and selfish since she decides to leave her children because they do not have to pay for the mistakes of their father. The times show in the play do not support Noras behavior since no true char would ever make such a choice at that time in history.Nora Helmer is not only a victim of male domination, but also a master of the domestic world. She is dedicated complete to take care of her sick keep up, courageous enough to forge her fathers signature and overconfident enough to pay back all her debts no matter how tough the situation gets (Unwin & Ibsen 10).Nora Helmer cannot be darned for her desire of the wonderful thing the ideal union where both husband and wife regard separately other as rational individuals aware of the society they live in and they can also cope with their individual duties. Her ideation of what marriage ought to be bringings her to the awareness of the flaws in her own marriage. This awareness is what f inally drives her to leave her husband as her husbands firm decision not to compromise his integrity for the sake of love ignites her decision and she leaves, slamming the door. This is

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Drug Screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

medicate Screening - sample ExampleIt directs that national grantees and Federal service providers shall, following forbidden strategy, look forward to set up a do drugs-free work step up. (Randall G. Kesselring & Jeffrey R. Pittman).Disturbed with the economic expenses of drug use, many employers, following the lead of the military and the Federal organization, have established drug screening. There be numerous types drug screens offered. The urine screen permits the maculation of drugs but toilette just settle on that an employee has utilise a specified substance, currently or in the past. It is not perfect enough to conclude destruction or whether the employee was under the pressure of a given material at the time of the test. Therefore, leisure or very infrequent drug users could be distinguished, although they dont use it while they are at work. Urine tests are not used for detecting alcohol. so far though suitable for alcohol, since alcohol is rapidly excreted from the body, the urine tests are not helpful for long pointedness of time after ingestion. Blood tests are measured as more than persistent than urine screens. Significantly, however, business tests calculates the quantity of alcohol, including former(a) tested drugs, present at the time of the test and, using well-known standards, in official procedures to give proof as to whether or not the employee was under the influence. Nowadays, blood tests are in the main kept for alcohol related problems. Nevertheless, saliva and hair tests may shortly enter the work place as less intrusive methods of identifying drug use. The legality and reliability of these processes has not as yet been recognise to a degree sufficient to permit their customary use in the workplace. Only for alcohol, not other drugs detection, the use of a breath-alcohol process is becoming a typical practice. It can identify blood alcohol level, providing an estimation of present mutilation.There are several types of dru g screening programs such as Analytical Drug Tests. The test classify whether an entity has taken or been exposed to drugs are carried out by the study of a biologic specimen. Some drug tests are obtainable for use in an on-the-spot format and can distinguish one or more drugs at the same time, whilst other tests are carried out with research laboratory based examination. The kind of test chosen for use might also depend on the biological sample that will be used for the study. On-the-spot tests are used as a examination device. Drug tests that are of a typical admissible as proof, have to date been based on laboratory examination. However, there are three basic forms of workplace drug testing.Pre-employment screeningsPre-employment screening programs are used most widely. Some of them also necessitate drug testing of present employees who desire to shift to more responsive positions. Testing is generally done with the employees full former knowledge. Pre-employment screening is us ed to validate the accuracy of an employees alleges in addition to find out any probable criminal history, workers reimbursement alleges or employer sanctions. There are a lot of corporations that offer pre-employment screening services. Pre-employment screening is the procedure of using psychometric testing, background checks and drug testing to verify the background and identity of employing a new employee. Background checking is a well-liked process of pre-employment screening. ergodic testingRandom drug testing is used by a rising number of

Friday, April 19, 2019

Marketing management- next Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing management- next - Essay ExampleThe target market for Next enjoin in India mainly includes young age group of people from urban beas with higher middle income. In India, the domestic as well as some foreign app arl retailers ar dominating and they are also offering online retailing services. Hence, it needs to memory itself by offering comparatively lower priced dishonor products. The price is a key factor in Indian market and Next Direct essential offer better discounts, offers though loyalty cards schemes. Moreover, Next Direct also needs to desegregate ethical marketing concepts for its Indian market by focusing on better consumer satisfaction level. circuit board of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 4 PLC STAGE 5 TARGET mart 7 PRODUCT REPOSITIONING 10 PRICING STRATEGIES 12 ETHICS 13 CONCLUSION 14 RECOMMENDATION 15 REFERENCE 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 INTRODUCTION Next Plc is a UK-based retail cooking stove and it also present in the multiple countries like India , China, European countries, U.S.A. etc. It is primarily engaged in the retailing business of the apparels, accessories, home products and other electrical consumer durable products. In its domestic country, UK and in Eire it has intimately 500 stores. Besides, in International markets, it is operating with more than 180 stores (Next Plc-a, 2011). Recently, the retailer faced a concentrate fall in its sales revenue during fiscal crisis of 2007-2008. However, with the recovering economy, Next Plcs financial statements are recovering with an increase in the sales comparing to the previous financial year. With recovering economy, the competition in the market is expected to intensify as its competitors will try to the recover their losses due to financial crisis during 2008 to 2009 (Clark, 2011). In such situation, Next Plc must try to reposition itself in the competitive market by gaining effective sustainable completive advantages. However, the recovering growth rate of UK (as per GDP real growth rate 1.6%) is more than slower in comparison to other developing countries like China and India (CIA, 2011). Therefore, opportunities in these developing countries are far better than other recovering developing countries like UK and U.S.A. Next Plc can try to reposition its apparels in the Indian retail market as Indian economy is growing at a faster rate i.e. 8.3% (CIA-b, 2011). Next Plc can focus on its apparel product segments to reposition itself in Indian market. With enhancing disposable income of the Indian consumers demand for turn and related accessories are rising (Mirdha, 2011). PLC STAGE Kasse has explained that a PLC is the period of time, consisting of phases that begins when a product is conceived and ends when the product in no longer available for use (Kasse, 2008, p.56). The clothes and apparels are generally belongs to the fashionable consumer products and fashion industry keeps changing its trends by introducing multiple product developments as per current trends. Generally, clothes can be categorized into third types i.e. fashion, fad and basic products and hence, as per three types of apparel categories, the PLC is given below. Figure 1 PLC for Apparels and Clothes (Source Cornell University, 2006) The basic clothes and apparels are already in its declining phase and fashionable clothes are in correct trend. However, the fad clothes have the tokenish life cycle as its popularity changes frequently among the youngsters. BCG matrix is a model to

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Free trade and its effects on texas as a state and the US as a nation Essay

Free wad and its effect on texas as a affirm and the US as a nation - Essay ExampleWhile protectionist measures may sometimes have short term gains, in terms of the long view, free trade encourages competition and benefits the consumer.The state of Texas is a large state with a large international border, and s eeral(prenominal) large metropolitan areas, several of which also serve as border cities with Mexico. Texas is also a state that has busy port cities. Therefore, ever since NAFTA, Texas has had an increasingly favorable free trade environment. Expanding trade has brought jobs and business to Texas but has left the state curiously vulnerable to antitrade actions. Texas would suffer greatly if the U.S. and other countries implement protectionist measures (Skelton, 2009). Texas sees various benefits from free trade, including exporting contracts which pit major east coast and west coast US states such as New York, California, and Florida. Therefore, more worry that protecti onist measures will stifle Texas growth that it has seen since the mid 1990s in terms of free trade with Latin American nations and Mexico. However, as one source notes, This very success leaves the state exposed to protectionist experimentation, peculiarly in the Americas. While attempts to curtail imports and lock out foreign companies damage the U.S. economy and harm U.S. consumers, the effects would be particularly detrimental to the Texas economy (Skelton, 2009). There are many perspectives to consider on the materialisation of free trade vs. protectionism.Questions of free trade and protectionism impact the US and international as well as the state levels, and there is an equal variety of points of view, some reenforcement free trade and some supporting protectionism. Kurlantzicks article is critical of international expansion. The author posits that a more global atmosphere is face up many challenges in the present, despite a high point in the latter part of the 20th cen tury. Synchronized economic slowdowns in Asia, Europe and the United

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Mom says Patriot Act stripped son of due process, dated April 29, 2009 Research Paper

Mom says Patriot Act stripped male child of due process, dated April 29, 2009 - Research Paper ExampleAdmittedly, there are various powers given to the national agents under the Patriot Act. Firstly, they soak up the aright to conduct surveillance and searches even without any probable exercise to suspect criminal activity. Moreover, it is allowed to conduct searches without giving prior notice. Another serious issue is that after conducting electronic search or wiretapping, it is come-at-able for the federal agents to secretly arrest a person and divulge no information to the family. Moreover, as McNeill (2011) points out, the Act allows federal agents to keep the matter away from media and attorney for as considerable as charges are not brought. That means a person who is suspected of terrorist activity may sustain all the rights as a citizen. Evidently, the case is interpreted to be Patriot Act case because of the spirit of the case. First of all, it was a bomb threat an d the medium was internet calls. It is the Patriot Act that gave federal agents the right to search electronic communication, and arrest and retain people without disclosing the matter. In the case of Ashton Lundeby, the federal agents allegedly gave no information to the family or media. Moreover, there was no wakeless representation allowed. Thus, the case is interpreted as a Patriot Act case. ... For example, if the situation involves a bomb threat by a student against a school, the case is supposed to be deferred to the State or local authorities. Furthermore, it is pointed out that investigations as provided under element 844(e) do not need to be initiated if a pattern or plan for the offense does not exist. Thus, it becomes evident that the case does not need to be treated under Patriot Act. Evidently, any equity like the Patriot Act will have a very negative impact on the quality of civil rights in a nation like America. This is so because the Patriot Act has provided the federal agents the right to look into the private lives of people and listen to everything they communicate. Moreover, it is seen that instead of addressing real terrorism, this new step has stirred every sphere of life and protest, and affected areas like freedom of association, freedom of information, freedom of speech, right to legal representation, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to a public trial, and right to liberty. However, the line with the new step, according to SNR Denton opus (n.d.), is that the government has not so far proved that these initiatives are useful in preventing terrorism. Admittedly, it is not possible to counter terrorism without introducing stringent laws. Secondly, though the search by federal agencies intrude privacy, it is better to have ones privacy taken away by the government than by terrorists. Moreover, as Brawley and Perekrestov (n.d.) argue, only those who communicate something misappropriated need to fear the close monitoring by federal agencies. For others, it offers added sense of security and belonging. However, the present problem with the

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

The Color of Water Essay Example for Free

The garble of Water EssayThe Color of Water by throng McBride was a story nigh a young boy trying to figure out his racial identity tho his mother would non talk about her past or what tend she was. All James knew was that she was white living in a ignominious power neighborhood and that fact affright him. He thought that to grow up he had to know his racial identity but through all the trouble and hard quantify he went through he learned that his race did not matter. It was his education that was the most important.commiseration spot about her race effected James through his childhood and as a young bountiful, she negatively affected his racial development, and shame eventually clears up his questions that he has been dying to doctor practises from. pathos McBrides attitude toward her own race affected her son, James McBride, as both a child and as a young adult. Ruth mainly looked down on her race because of her scram. All he fear about was money and the store, he did not care about his own wife or family. He in addition molested Ruth when she was a young girl.When James was a young boy he ever questioned her about race. He wanted to know if he was black or white and he in addition asked what color Jesus was. James mother would not completely answer his question. She responded saying that James was a human and education was all that mattered, and that Jesus was the color of water. As a kid, James knew that his mother was white, and that terrified him. He knew that a white lady living in a black neighborhood, also with black kids, was living in danger.James really realized his mothers danger when Ruth and James were walking home and a man came up and stole Ruths purse. James evaluate out how strong and brave or crazy his mother was when she did not fight the theft can and all she told James was that it was just a purse and it did not matter. When James grew up, he thought that Ruth was going crazy, and he didnt respect her like he did in the past. If James would have cognize about his mothers past, it wouldnt have change much. He might have been to a greater extent apologetic for her but that would be about it.Ruths impact on Jamess racial development is negative, but she had good intentions. James never knows what his racial background is and that bothers him throughout his life. If he would have known what his mothers background was maybe then he would understand himself in his eyes, but it does not take your race to figure out yourself, it takes learning who you are on the inside. Ruth was trying to make it a positive impact on his racial development. Ruth knew that race did not matter, it was about what was on the inside of the person, but James did not understand that concept.Race never touch him by saying he was not going to associate himself with a person because of their background but he want to know about their race, and Ruth had no cares about their race, which is a better right smart to go at it. Ruth offers James confusion as he grapples with his racial identity as a younger boy, but she offers him clarity as a young adult. When James was young, Ruth would answer any of her questions and that bothered him but he knew not to push her to her limit or he would get the belt. He does not know what half of his race is, he know he was black from his father but knew nothing about his mothers race.Ruth was not ashamed to be a Jew, but she did not support Judaism because of her father, Tateh. She was not hiding the fact that she was a Jew from James but she did not want to think about everything that she ran away from when she left Suffolk, Virginia and her family, more importantly her mother, Hudis Shilksy. When James turns into the young adult he finds out that knowing your race does not help you in life like a good education does. Even though he has learned this Ruth starts to explain his questions about race to him. In the story The Color of Water, James has unanswered questions as a child.At the end of the make James learns about Ruths race and he finds out his racial identity. James also finds out Gods color, He is the color of water and water is neither, black or white. Ruth had harmful memories when she was a Jew because of her father and when he might her first husband, Dennis, she changed her faith and found happiness. Ruths race affected Ruth which later(prenominal) on affected her son James negatively. Her angry about her past led to Jamess confusion about his own racial identity, but later on got all his questions answered.

Drug and Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Drug and inebriantic drink EssayWhen students are I their senior year of high school, many an(prenominal) look forward to graduation. They know that in a few months, they will be off to college and away(p) from their parents. This means that they have all the freedom in the world and can do whatever they compulsion when they want to do it. They meet friends while in college, and have fun. They begin to explore new things. more run a risks a mate for the first time, party for the first time, or even drink for the first time. Alcohol drinking is a common activity across any campus, even though they are prohibited. Teens find any way to access alcohol.I will be exploring the negative effects of drinking alcohol on college students. Alcohol interferes with so much on students including preventing them from getting their education. I will research excessively see how can this problem be decreased. I know that it is impossible to stop underage college students from drinking, notwithstanding there are ways to bring down the amount that do drink. I will classify on which occasions these teens do drink alcohol on campus. To my knowledge, I know that underge drinking is a widespread problem, and I know that I can find much information on the topic.Bibliography detrimental consequences. (2011). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Health, Eastern Washington University, Retrieved from http//access.ewu.edu/Health-and-Wellness/Health-Education/Substance-Use-and-Abuse/Negative-Consequences.xml U.S. Department of Health and piece Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2002).What parents need to know nearly college drinking Department of Transportation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2002). What peer educators and residential advisors need to know about college drinking (NIH Publication No. 02-5017)Department of Transportation.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Measurements of physical characteristics Essay Example for Free

Measurements of physical characteristics EssayMeasurements of physical characteristics are used widely in usual human life, whether in household or industrial processes, in service or in scientific researches. Some of the main categories of regularly evaluated parameters are weight, length, vault of heaven, hatful, temperature, immersion, concentration, voltage, amperage and power. Measurement units historically differed from nation to nation, but over time there is a straight tendency for unification of units.Metric system is recognized as universal in ever-growing number of countries and this allows to minimize differences and errors in international scientific, trade and other types of communications. In system of measurement system, meter, its multiples and fractionals are used for the measurements of length, square meter and its derivates are for measurements of area, cubic meter for measurements of volume. For measuring temperature there are Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees used, for measuring density kilogram per cubic meter. Voltage in international mensural system is measured in volts, amperage in amperes, and watts are used for measuring power.To per contour measurements one need to have appropriate instruments. These instruments should have accuracy grade acceptable for the type and purpose of measurements that will be performed. When measurement of length is performed, the only kind of instruments needed is tape-measure or straight scale, if size of measured target is relatively small. If distance that has to be measured is large, and surface between starting and finishing points is not smooth, more(prenominal) than sophisticated instruments will be needed to perform required measurements.Measurements of area and volume will sometimes require authorized calculations in addition to claim measurements. If measurement of an area of regular shape is performed, it is comme il faut to measure length of the sides of that area and then apply relatively simple formulas for calculation of that area. But if the area measured has irregular shape with edges of bizarre form, calculations will be far more complex and may require solution of integral equations to determine approximate size of an area in question. When it is necessary to measure volume of a molten, volumetric glassware is enough.But when the volume of a body with complex form shall be metric, procedure of measurement may become much more complicated. If the body with unknown volume is available for direct measurement, it may be submerged into the water or any other liquid and volume of displaced liquid that is equal to the volume of that body, could be measured. But if that body is not available for direct measurement and is stipulation in form of a scheme with known parameters measured or find out beforehand, then rather complicated calculations may be required to estimate the volume of a say body.Density of a liquid may be measured use special in strument called densitometer, which is base on displacement of a certain amount of liquid by the weight of the instrument. The higher density of examined liquid, the smaller will be volume of liquid displaced. For estimation of the density of gases or solid bodies another(prenominal) methods shall be applied, because displacement-based densitometry cannot be applied to non-liquid substances. Measurements of mass and volume are usually performed, and density then is calculated utilize the simple formula of mass divided by volume.Temperature can be measured using thermometers of different types liquid-filled, electric, etc. Electric parameters like amperage, voltage and power, could be measured either directly using specific measuring devices, or indirectly by measuring related parameters and later calculating determine of parameters required. For a list of physical parameters there are specific units in the system of measurements. Some of the examples were given above. For anothe r example, unit for measuring upshot is newton, and unit for pressure is pascal.Certain parameters can be hypothesise indirectly through other units. Speed, for example, is defined as unit of distance passed per unit of time, and acceleration as rate of change of speed per unit of time. Consequently, force that influences a body, may be calculated through known mass of the body, its beginning speed and rate of change of its speed under the influence of the force studied. Unfortunately, measurements can never provide us with absolute values of parameter we are interested in. referable to imperfection of both human perception, instruments for measurements and because of influence of unstable environmental conditions upon the instrument, body that is subjected to measurements and the person performing measurements, some imprecision will always be present. Additionally, when performing measurements, observer sometimes has to use estimated data because more or less precious values ca n not be obtained under current conditions. Or maybe high precision values of a given parameter are not classic for the current task. Either way, estimation of measured data sometimes takes place, as well as certain ever-present

Saturday, April 13, 2019

The novel by Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The novel by Steinbeck canvasOf Mice and Men, the novel by Steinbeck, frequently dramatises the constant action of back-to-back scenes. Consequently, the novel shares a strong wiz of time, which is a formal element of most movies. Steinbecks novel is not tar farmed at a selective interview in view of its vernacular dialogue and informal touch. Also considering the fast-paced action, Of Mice and Men is very flexible to a movie recitation. Using various devices up his sleeve, it is very important that the filmmaker gets across a sense of setting and colour in connection with characters thoughts and feelings. In preparing the final scene of the movie version of Of Mice and Men we were trying to focus on Lennies vulnerability in the outside world, the decline of Georges self-esteem with the demise of Lennie and how the setting and the environment (especially Lennies desired rabbits) reacted to the catastrophic conclusion. Our precise aims regarding filming technique were to use a combine of low and high-angle shots, tv camera FX to reflect the plot e. g. , dew, steam, fast/moderate paced camera, and deliberate exclusion of the camera from any(prenominal) part of the shot. For soundtracks/FX, we especially tried to imitate characters moods and feelings.Finally, suitable dialogue in calculated manner and allow timing re-enforced our essence of Lennies demise and Georges position. The establishing shots arouse an auditory senses preliminary attention and directly convey a filmmakers purposes. This is because setting, colour, smell, attempt and a characters intentions are all elements of this shot. In our film, George carries a great appeal to any earshot and connects them with Lennies reality. In the first subjective shot, George scrambles onto his horses saddle and shoots past the ranch at top speed while camera does not linger on setting.I thought that because the camera does not linger on setting, an audience unaware of Steinbecks final plot might ge t mystified or puzzled as to why George acts so instinctively. We decided on this camera movement keeping in mind that George is very unflinching and sincere with his friend and he will do the best up to his ability to protect Lennie. The audience can now sense something will go wrong and George will try to help Lennie to get out of the mess. This shot will prompt most audiences to form their own speculations of what is to happen next.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Modern and Contemporary Essay Example for Free

Modern and Contemporary EssayThis paper deals with cardinal things in relation to pantheism first a few samples of the contemporary literature, which argue very little and unpersuasively, However, twain major(ip) historical theorists of pantheism, de Spinoza and his later follower, Schelling, serve to rescue the theory and place it on a firmer, to a greater extent scientific ground. Pantheism has askn many mixtures throughout its register, and no maven definition pass on suffice to take in all(prenominal) particular manifestations of this phenomenon.One of the main disconnects concerning pantheism as an ontology is to what extent Pantheism tail assembly be called a religion this is the real issue. The modern, contemporary pantheists seem to halt no religion whatsoever no paragon, no doctrine. The contemporary readings on this marvel seem to socialize the vague interconnections of all living things. (Russell, 2008, 2). To merely keep apart a vague feeling of the sa cred to a purely secular view of natural interconnections is not to create a religion. And hence, the problem.One might take the view that thither argon generally two forms of pantheism over time the modish, tr bary version that seeks to sacralize the secular phenomenon of reputation, and a far more sophisticated form of pantheism made famous by Baruch Spinoza and his later pupil (of sorts) Friedrich Schelling. Both of these questions will be dealt with in this paper. First, we will deal with the contemporary readings on this subject, and whence, the far more substantial questions of pantheism brought up by the Dutch philosopher.Standing in the Light is a book that says very little. It is heavy in vague affective connectiveness, very light on definition and ontology. Ultimately, the light is whatever you want it to be it can be a religious figure, a philosophical opinion or merely a feeling, hence trim down it to nothingness by attempting to cover every emotive reaction (Russel l, 2008, 3-4). In this view, she seeks to redefine atheism (cf foliateboy 4) as a view where the universe is seen as not sacred. But since the concept of the sacred is neer defined, on that point atomic number 18 no atheists.Or, better, that this vulgar view of pantheism, which is reduced to a feeling of fear in the face of nature (as representing both good and evil, as she holds, 87ff), is itself atheism in that there is no God, still there is an awe in the face of natures grandeur. Few atheists would recoil at awe when looking at nature. In this analogous vein lies the work of Paul Harrison (2004). Again (35), he holds that nature is to be revered. It is unclear whether he thinks nature of perfection, since god is an elastic term that covers the object of ones awe or respect.His dispensing with philosophical rigor is typified in his manipulation of Anselms famous onto rational lean for gods outliveence. In Harrisons case, he mutilates it beyond recognition. The origina l argument was, to summarize, that god is that round which nothing greater can be conceived. But since this object must have inhabitence (since to have lastence is to be greater) god must exist, since that would be the greatest thing conceptualizable. Harrison does not seem to construe the nature of this controversial view.He assumes (Harrison, 36) that nature is the greatest thing that can be conceived, and hence, is god. This has no posture on the argument ascribed to Anselm of Canterbury. He also seems to completely misunderstand Aristotles argument from causality. On page 38, Harrison holds that the skeptical answer rejects the fate of a first cause, there is no need for one. If one can imagine a limitless future, one can imagine a limitless past. Since no one can imagine or visualize a limitless future, the same might be utter of the past.Harrison seems to posit an actual religious element to pantheism in that it holds that calculate is eternal, ever alive, always cha nging, and hence, it is a persuasion to be taken on faith, and hence, religious. A mildly interesting argument is his philosophy of history. He holds that history contains three thrusts the hunter gatherer stage, agricultural and technological (Harrison, 50-53). It goes like this at one time, man lived in upright accordance with nature as hunters and gatherers. Then he decided to give way settled.This was the great evil settled agriculture places man as master of nature. Only in the technological phase was nature reintroduced, permitting a rational eco-centrist to rebuild our planet. Making comprehend of this argument is difficult there are several fallicies first, that the hunter gatherer lives in accordance with nature. He seems to have the hidden usher in that all things primitive must be eco-friendly. Second, that agriculture means that man masters nature. This seems hard to swallow, since the agriculturalist mind, up until the 20th century, worked as a partner of nature, not its master.The explicit Baconian idea of dominating nature is on the dot the beginnings of the industrial revolution. The argument is that when people no longer had any connection to nature, no longer lived finish up the land, they could then romanticize nature, and hence, see it for its own sake (Harrison, 52). In another(prenominal) words, when the technological revolution created urbanization and rape the landscape, the now alienated urbanite could make of nature of object of romantic devotion. It is precisely in the departure of the land that one can then see it as an aesthetic object.Lastly, the author refuses to deal with the question of determinism (60). The pantheist determinism argument might look like this all things are interconnected, the force, the unity of the interconnection is divine, piece beings are part of this divine interconnection and hence, to conclude, mans are determined by these connections. It is difficult to joggle out of this argument, an ar gument that is not found in Harrisons book, but dismissed regardless. If freedom exists, it cannot be material. If it is not material, it is spirit.If it is spirit, then it must have a cause. But the concept of pantheism presented by Harrison posits no cause. Hence, human beings are merely determinations of material reality and hence determined. Harrison denies that human beings are determined, but does not justify how one can get out of the pantheist argument, unless one posits human beings as, to any(prenominal) extent spiritual beings and hence outdoor(a)(a) of the natural, universal causal chains that are so resonating of reverence. This is another(prenominal) serious flaw. Next, we have the short piece by Wood (2005).Wood is not so much arguing here for pantheism as for evolution, upon which all contemporary theories of pantheism seem to rest. This piece is basically an antiaircraft on fundamentalism, which is defined as that belief system that rejects evolution in that it rejects the principle of change integral in all things. Pantheism has no belief system, unless evolutionary ecology. One need not be a pantheist to accept everything that Wood says, it is a non-philosophical piece. Far more substantial is that work by Steinhart (2004) on the question of ontology.This is an interesting survey piece dealing with the nature of pantheism from the point of view of materialism, pragmatism and Pythagoreanism. But just as interesting is his idea of the nature of god God, in traditional pietism must be supernatural, complex (in the sense of maximal inclusivity), God must represent Himself to man, and God must be holy (Steinhart, 2004, 65-66). Of course most of these can be challenged. In Christianity, for example, God is not complex, he is simple. He is not merely supernatural, but exists within nature as its designer and guide (thought this is never an ontological connection).Nevertheless, the key to the argument is maximum inclusivity, which is not an attribute of God in traditional deity in the sense Steinhart means it, and it is question begging in terms of pantheism, since the argument presented her is that the nature god of the pantheists is by definition all inclusive, and hence, stick withs closest to the traditional idea of God. He seems to engage in the same logical fallacies as Harrison. Steinhart fails on several levels. First he fails to explain how the materialist whole can be holy, in any sense.Second, he fails to show how the disembodied forms of Plato can be associated with pantheism in the definition he provides. In fact, the relationship in the midst of the forms and matter is precisely Platos rejection of earlier Greek pantheism (referenced by Russell, 2008) and, more importantly, is nearly identical with the early Christian and Augustinian view of the relationship between God and conception. God is identify with nature as its guide and creator, but is not identified with nature simpliciter. This is a seve re logical flaw.He has better luck with Pythagoras, though it is possible to see a similar objection arising. Nevertheless, it remains the case that this work also fails to do justice to pantheism. The greatest and most interesting approach to pantheism is the creation of Baruch de Spinoza. Here is an clever, logical and extremely interesting of the idea. Nearly all the works surveyed reference him, but nevertheless for a short time, as it is clear that few of the above authors have spent the large core of time necessary to master the difficult system of the Dutch metaphysician.Spinoza is the greatest and most intelligent manifestation of the Pantheist idea, and hence, should be treated at length. Spinoza begins with the concept of join, which is to be identified with god. Substance is the in itself. That is, it is something that defines both affirmation, since affirmation requires negation (Parkinson, 1977, 451). Substance has gone beyond affirmation/negation because it is t he whole, the everything. Hence,. Substance is its only(prenominal) name, and that incomplete.If pith in the Aristotelian sense is that which remains unchanging, that which survives change, for Spinoza, since all Aristotelian substances are part of a big sphere of interconnections, the only real substance is Substance, or god. All things are determinations of God. There is no out-of-door reason for its existence. It is eternal causality. Of this Substance there are two Attributes, thought and accessory, experienced as unlike but making reference to two forms of expression os substance relative to the limited sense experience of human beings.Further, these attributes are divided into a huge multiplicity of modes, which might be called all particular things, which are incomplete existences by definition. What is worth mentioning is that Spinoza holds that these attributes that subdivide into modes are not real. They are experienced, but this experience derives from the limited ab ilities of the human observer. But God in Himself is Substance that contains endless attributes, only two of which are available to human beings.The attributes must be infinite because, given the nature fo Substance, there is nothing to constrain their development. A fully understood attribute of an infinite Substance is by definition infinite (Spinoza, 1927, 124-125). Science might struggle with this. First, it suggest that science is only a footling form of knowledge in a sea of infinity. In other words, science can only deal with incomplete experiences relative to the limited observational capacities of the person. A fact in the truest sense of Spinozas pantheism is that which contains all reality, it must be Substance and only Substance.Anything less would be limited, and hence abstract, outside of its true context and contingent. Even Spinozas epistemology is limited in the sense that sense entropy is only the persistence of a pattern of perception. Hence, there is no direct human mode of perceiving God. God is full interconnectedness (the phenomenon, th international of Modes relative to both attributes, i. e. thought and extension make up the same Substance relative to humans) that has its root in the Substance itself (the noumenon, outside of experience) (Rocca, 1996, 192). Spinoza writesHence it follows, firstly, that there is no cause, either external to God or within Him, that can excite Him to act chuck out the perfection of his own nature. It follows, secondly, that God alone is a free cause for God alone exists from the necessity alone of His own nature. Therefore He alone is a free cause (Spinoza, 1927, 132) . Several things come from this first, that human beings are determined, being themselves manifestations of the divine nature, containing in themselves the two attributes of thought or extension, the only two forms of experience permitted to man.That this determination is a good thing in that all things are pre-determined in the infinite nature of God, and hence, there is little to be done but live peacefully. But it should also be clear that there is no emotive attachment to this will-less and thought-less entity (Spinoza, 1927, 132). God is God only in that He is Substance. He is a metaphysical principle, not a cause of awe or worship. He is substance deduced logically in the following way A cause of a thing must exist either inside or outside the object being caused.The reason for a square to exist is not to be found in the square itself. There must be a cause, then, outside it, a cause that has made it necessary to exist. Hence, Substance, which exists necessarily, is uncaused. This is because if Substance (that which survives all change) has a cause outside itself, then it is not Substance that Substance must be it. Hence, there is a cause that is uncaused, Substance, and this is what survives all change, existing necessarily and the (logical) cause of all things (Spinoza, 1927, 124, On the Essence of God. al so cf. Bennet, 1997)Friedrich von Schelling is another metaphysician who skirted the concept of pantheism, and is much considered one. Here we have a post-Spinozistic idea of the Spinozian concept of God, taking liberally from Spinoza and yet another interesting approach to the concept of pantheism. Schellings basic metaphysic is the spiritual exists as such in nature. position this differently, nature is the physical expression of the spiritual, but constantly limited by materiality. Even further, the pantheism derives form the idea that nature eventually creates the conditions necessary for the spirit, or conscious life.Here, the idea of spirit deriving from nature is posited from the banknote concept that nature is spirit in expression in matter (Bowie, 2001). The development of the spirit in nature moves like this 1. The infrangible principle is the ground, just as in Spinoza, between the conscious and sub-conscious life, that is, sprit and matter respectively, since here, ma tter is merely slumbering spirit. 2. Nature and spirit are identical to Spinozas two modes, extension and thought respectively. Nature tends to objectification, sequence spirit tends to subjetification, but there is no ultimate distinction between the two.3. These are held together in actual life by force attraction/repulsion light, gravity, while in spirit these forces take the form of knowledge, will, etc. 4. Both these forces are attributes (in Spinozas sense, not modes, since they are not particular and hence unreal, things) derive from the single Substantial source, not called Substance, but the compulsory. (Snow, 1996) 5. The movement of Substance then, is the reconciliation of opposites thought and extension, matter and spirit, object and subject. Spirit will suffuse matter, matter will be saturated with spirit.This is the evolutionary picture of Schelling prior to Darwin (and is interesting on that account alone). In other words, Schelling differs from Spinoza in granting some limited will to the otherwise abstract absolute the will for interpenetrating and the end of philosophy with a spiritualized matter. God will be present in matter in full when consciousness and matter merge, or more accurately, nature is suffused with consciousness. This paper has done two things first it basically dispensed with the contemporary literature in pantheism is non-scientific and hence non-philosophical.Instead, this paper has briefly summarized two major pantheist writers and metaphysician who are highly related in terms of basic ideas, Spinoza and schelling. In their view of pantheism, the absolute/substance is necessary existence. This is posited and proved because it is impossible to imagine a cause without origin, or a causal chain with ether no purpose or no beginning. Spinoza does not believe that causes exist eternally, but that Substance does time, and hence, cause, is a human, mental construct.A serious, philosophical pantheism avoids the problems mentio ned above, and posits a Substance or Absolute that is conscious experienced in forms or modes. All things are God in that all things are expressions of God. References Russell, Sharman. Standing in the Light My Life as a Pantheist. Basic, 2008. Harrison, Paul. Elements of Pantheism. Media Creations, 2004. Wood, Harold. Practice of Pantheistic Mindfulness. Pantheistic survey 24, 2005. Steinhart, E. Pantheism and Current Ontology. Religious Studies 40 pp 1-18 Parkinson, HGR. Hegel, Pantheism and Spinoza. The Journal of the History of Ideas. 38, 1977 449-459 Spinoza, Baruch de. Ethics and Other Writings. Joseph Ratner, Trans. Modern Library, 1927. Bennett, Jonathan. Spinozas Metaphysics. in The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pps 61-89 Della Rocca, Michael. Spinozas Metaphysical Psychology. in The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pps 192-267 Bowie, Andrew. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. The Stanford Encycl opedia of Philosophy. Stanford University Press, 2001. Snow, Dale. Schelling and the End of Idealism. SUNY Press, 1996.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

A Defense of Abortion Essay Example for Free

A vindication of Abortion EssayThomson argues that in some though non tout ensemble cases, women have a repair to abortion due to property honests in regards to their body, and the undue crimsont against these rights that would be placed on women if they be to be made responsible for any and all pregnancies.Thomson uses a variety of sometimes strange analogies to energise her point that sluice if we deem in to the argument that a foetus is a psyche, and thus has a right to brio, this right to liveness does non necessarily ensure a right to sustain that life by using some other persons property, in this case the fathers body, against her will. Thomson for the first time asks us to consider the following case. You wake up and find yourself in a hospital cognise hooked up to a famous tinkerer.It is then explained to you that youve been kidnapped by the Society of Music Lovers because you happen to be the only person whose blood type is compatible with the vio linists, who is suffering from a kidney disease, and will wear come in unless(prenominal) you remain out of use(p) into him for golf-club months. Keeping in mind that both you and the violinist atomic number 18 candid parties, and that both you and the violinist will walk out of the hospital alive and unharmed when the nine months are up, are you morally obligated to remain connected to the violinist, who in the case of pregnancy would be the fetus?First we must consider the given similarity and its relativity to the primary scenario, being the morality of abortion. on that point are no other cases quite equal pregnancy, where ones ability to sustain life is directly dependent on the use of anothers body. This is why Thomson must create the violinist semblance. in that location are surely some(prenominal) similarities between the case of the violinist and the case of the fetus. As declared before, both parties, the fetus/violinist and the mother/donor are innocent.The cause of their connection is based on the actions of a third party, in this case the Society of Music Lovers. The fact that the donor was kidnapped presents a distinguishing factor, allowing the analogy to be applied in cases such as pregnancy because of rape, where it is clear that the mother did not swallow in any way to becoming pregnant. There are also dissimilarities. The kidnapping itself has not traumatized the donor, season in the case of a young girl being raped and becoming pregnant, the rape itself is rattling traumatic.However, Thomson discounts this by saying that if those who oppose abortion based on the grounds that a persons right to life is more important than a mothers property right to her body, identify an exception in the case of rape, they are saying that those who come into existence because of rape have less of a right to life than others, which sounds somehow wrong. Furthermore, many who oppose abortion on this ground do not take a crap an exception fo r rape.Thus, the primary question remains, is it morally permissible to disconnect yourself from a person, even if doing so will kill them? Thomson then takes the violinist scenario a step further, asking us to cipher that it turns out that supporting the violinist is putting additional strain on you, and if you continue to remain plugged into him, you will die. Some would say that it is still impermissible, because unplugging yourself would be directly killing the innocent violinist which is murder, and incessantly wrong.Thomson vehemently denies that you are obligated to sacrifice your own life in order to save the violinist, saying that in this case if anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. (Vaughn, 175) Many of Thomsons other analogies commode with the notion of a womans property rights to her body making a case for ab ortion being permissible. She gives the analogy of a young boy being given a box of chocolates, and consume them before his envious fellow.Of course the boy ought to share his chocolates with his brother, as most of us would agree. However, Thomson claims that if he doesnt, he is simply being selfish and greedy, still not unjust. He is not unjust in denying his brother the chocolates simply because they were given to him, and thus are his property. If the box had been given to both of the brothers, it would be a contrasting story. Distinguishing between what one ought to do and what one is morally obligated to do ties back to the violinist analogy. scour if the violinist only necessary use of your body for one hour, while you ought to allow him to use your body, as it requires little effort on your part, you are not unjust if you stand firm. You are perhaps resoundous and selfish, yes, but not unjust. As Thomson states Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interests and concerns, of all other duties and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. (Vaughn, 181)The criticism I would make of this argument is that she does not specify in which cases the unborn person has a right to demand use of a mothers body, only that they can occur. She does clearly state however, that having a right to life does not inherently give one the right to be given the use of or allowed continued use of anothers body, even if one needs it for life itself. (Vaughn, 178) Some who oppose abortion argue that because pregnancy is preventable, if one happens to become pregnant they must take responsibility, which gives the fetus special rights that a stranger, such as the violinist would not have.Thomson points out that this theory only gives a fetus a right to a mothers body if the pregnancy resulted in a voluntary act, leaving out instances of rape. She uses the people-seed analogy to further discuss the implications of holding women responsible for all pregnancies. She asks us to imagine people as seeds, innocently drifting around the world, sometimes even into your home, getting stuck to article of furniture and carpets. To prevent this from happening to you, you put the topper screens on your windows you can buy.As we all know, sometimes screens are defective, and a seed finds its way in and takes root, despite your preventative measures. Does that seed have a right to use your house to develop into a person? It is true that it could have been prevented from taking root if you lived your life in a house without furniture or carpeting, but this seems ridiculous. By the same token you could say that women who are raped have a responsibility to the fetus because rape could be prevented by never leaving home without a accredited army, o r never leaving home at all.This is far too high of a burden to put on individuals. When evaluating these analogies and the argument Thomson uses them to make, certain questions arise. For example, if I am not morally obligated to give my property to someone who depends on it for survival, is it morally permissible to let someone starve to death because I refuse to share my food that I bought earlier from the grocery store? Given her analogies, such as the instance of the boy who refuses to share his chocolate, it would seem that Thomson would say that it is permissible to let someone die of starvation. after(prenominal) all, you are not morally obligated to share what is rightly yours. She would say you are selfish and greedy, like the little boy, but not unjust or immoral. However, letting an innocent person starve to death, when doing something as little as giving them some of our food, does not sit well with the average person. This is where Thomsons concept of the Good Samarit an vs. the minimally decent Samaritan comes into play. In the biblical story, the Good Samaritan saw a man dying(p) in the road, abandoned by others who passed. He cleaned the dying mans wounds and took him to an inn, paying for his stay.He went out of his way to help someone in need, at some cost to himself. Thomson illustrates the other extreme by using the case of Kitty Genovese, who was murdered while thirty-eight people stood by and did nothing to help. In this case the Good Samaritan would have rushed to her aid, putting his own life on the line in order to save a strangers. While Thomson seems to say that this is too much to ask of people, and they are not morally required to risk their own life to save anothers, she does say that the minimally Decent Samaritan would have at least called the police.Because no one even called the police, they are not even minimally decent Samaritans, and their actions are monstrous. While the Good Samaritan gives aid they are not obligated to give, the minimally Decent Samaritan fulfills their minimal obligations. Just as watching a person be murdered and doing utterly nothing to help is falling below the standard of minimally decent Samaritan, I would have to intrust that watching a person starve and doing nothing to help is also monstrous.After all, using Thomsons analogies we could say that the people who watched Kitty Genovese get murdered ought to have used their cell phones to call the police at the very least, but being that their cell phones are their property, they can use them as they wish, and are not morally obligated to use them to save a life, even if the cost it would puzzle to them seems extremely insignificant. Thomson seems to distinguish between situations such as letting someone starve to death because you refuse to share your food, or letting someone be murdered because you refuse to use your phone, and aborting a fetus.She claims that many laws prohibiting abortion compel women to be Good Samari tans (Vaughn, 181) as opposed to minimally decent. This claim suggests that she believes that harboring a fetus is an act of a Good Samaritan, not a minimally decent one. Furthermore, by calling the people who watched Kitty Genovese die monstrous it suggests that she does in fact believe that watching a person die and doing nothing to help is immoral. By these tokens, it seems that she would in fact view letting another starve as immoral, suggesting that her argument of property rights is inconsistent.Thomson some accounts for these inconsistencies in her closing argument, simply by conceding that the analogies she uses are not fool proof or meant to be applied to all cases. She states while I do not argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that it is always permissible. There may well be cases in which carrying the kidskin to term requires only minimally decent Samaritanism of the mother, and this is a standard we must not fall below. (Vaughn 182) For example, she believes it would be immoral for a woman to abort her child late in the pregnancy because she had a vacation planned.By asserting that her analogies and arguments are not meant to make an absolute case for or against abortion, they do in fact only help her to prove her somewhat tentative point that women do have a right to abortion, in some though not all cases, because of property rights and the undue burden against these rights that would be placed on women if forced to carry all pregnancies to term.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

A cultural analysis of Greece Essay Example for Free

A hea fitly analysis of Greece endeavorThis paper presents a cultural analysis of Greece and how this translates into the countrys line of profession practices. The importance in such profiling ordure be seen in the emergence of many cross-cultural studies that aim to come up with an effective speculative exemplar that guides inter depicted object companies to relate to other companies from dissimilar countries with different endings. One of these theoretical accounts was formulated by a series of national studies conducted by Hofstede in which the author place tillages according to five indices. Basically, Hofstedes approach presents that cultivation elicit be described as a get dressed of feature of speechs ingrained or wired-in to the brains and the psyche of the members of a particular rescript thitherby affecting behavior. With such guessing according to national polishs, cross-cultural managers displace thus make use of this education that tummy ex ecute as a basis for cross-cultural and international initiatives of the organization.In application, this paper examines Greece according to Hofstedes five dimensions and how this translates into the countrys blood conclusion this paper then comp argons this with the pedigree civilisation in the United States. The conclusion then leads to the identification of the different points of compatibility and conflict, and the areas which the classical and the Ameri fuel descent civilizations potful reconcile for a much(prenominal) successful business communications and relations.Global line of products pagan Analysis Greece I. Section One Introduction Communication plays an important division in any cross-cultural relations, and in the aspect of business, communication in the international context spans beyond language and includes protocols, perceptual experiences and other elements pertaining to business practices.According to Hendon, Hendon and Herbig (1996), the challe nge is that although two or to a greater extent parties are trying to reach an agreement aiming to serve each others interests, cultural factors whether in call practice and perception signifi bottomlandtly contri plainlye to the processing of information that would lead to either the success or the failure of the negotiations or the management strategy should international companies fall to operate together.As Hendon, et al. (1996) pointed out, cultural aspects watch managers, thereby affecting their behavior this also reflects at the organizational level thereby the degree of the embodiment of the national culture of these companies is constantly present. Cross-cultural deals subscribe locomote crucial given that more and more businesses are taking advantage of the opportunities brought by conception(a)ization.One of the issues that emerged from this is that there was an identified potential point of conflict based on the precept that the differences in the values o f the different groups may lead to problems, thereby jeopardizing the advantages offered by the global and international markets (Fontaine, 2007). As a result, international organizations energise invested in cross-cultural management initiatives in order to create the most effective approach should the lodge reaches the point of venturing into foreign surgical operations or cross-cultural negotiations.In summing up to the organizational dimension in cross-cultural issues are the elements that trick further influence the operations of any business. Kanungo (2006) identified that globalization ha also created a substantial come to to the consumers behavior now that they are aware of the untouchable global forces technological innovation and the environment. These elements do not only represent modifications in price of the markets and the societies global businesses provide to but also the potential overall shift and cultural perceptions that resonate at various levels, from the soul to the organizational behaviors.Which is why given that globalization has pop off a phenomenon that represents present-day reality (Steger, 2003), even companies who are not internationalized are still subject to many global forces such as buying or selling their supplies from sources overseas. It is also possible that the company may pass on to work with a foreign employee or a worker from a different cultural background. In any case, the instances of a cultural summation has become more and more regular (Berger, 1998, 124).However, it is important to look at the many theoretical foundations on cross-cultural studies, especially as to how national cultures are perceived as an important influence in organizational and management behavior. There is one distinctive studies that can be considered to have created a essential buzz in the entire context of cross-cultural studies Geert Hofstedes 4 dimensions, which would later add another component. Hofstedes studies gave guidance to conclusions that would help in the different approaches towards understanding different cultures, and how these can also create effects at individual, organizational and national levels.Hofstedes Four Dimensions One of the most commonly used model in cross-cultural studies is Hofstedes four dimensions these dimensions emerged from Hofstedes studies on 40 different countries in which he identified four major frequent factors in terms of the cultural aspect (Bjerke, 1998) ? Power distance ? Uncertainty dodging ? individuality/sovietism ? Masculinity/femininity In order to understand these four dimensions, it is important to look at how Hofstede views culture and how this plays a role in global business applications.Hofstede is renowned for his research on differences among countries in terms of their culture and how these differences are essential. Hofstede operated based on the concept that comparisons among cultures can play a significant role in the making the right decisions based on the acquired information about other cultures this is deemed helpful when it comes to making negotiations and even designing business strategies should companies decide to enter a foreign market.Hence, Hofstedes works have been founded on how the differences of these cultures are influential to behavior crossways may social levels. Hofstedes dimensions tend to generalize groups, hence, for instance, multicultural nations are taken as a singular culture (Fontaine, 2007). The four dimensions Hofstede formulated are the main indicators that can identify the points of similarities and differences across these many national cultures (Vinken, Soeters Ester, 2004). His studies on many national cultures have therefore served as a reference point among many cross-cultural managers.Hofstedes approach is known to adapt a more scientific approach as he argued that cultures can be measured and analyzed (Hofstede, Neuijen, Ohavy Sanders, 1990) such can be seen not only in h is database which analyzed countries according to their measures in power distance, suspense dodge, laissez faire/collectivism, and masculinity/femininity but also in terms of how these factors can impact many organizational tasks such as business negotiations. Culture is therefore an important indicator of behavior and at the said(prenominal)(p) time, it acts as a binding force that defines a group, a society or a region.The four dimensions Hofstede identified are based on how a culture can be also specify according to relations, attitudes and values in specific contexts, it can be observed that these four dimensions that pertain to Hofstedes rendering of culture the programming of the judgement that differentiates one group of another (as cited in Fontaine, 2007, 125) presents a predictable framework of characteristics. A fifth dimension was also introduced by Hofstede by including Confucian framework to his dimension, and he identified this as the long term/short term or ientation.The long term/short term orientation, a recent addition to Hofstede/s dimension, was founded on the perceptions of time, and how this can affect the behavior of plurality. This dimension was based on the Confucian orientation with respect to erstwhile(prenominal), present and future, and for Hofstede, this fifth dimension can reflect a societys perception of time, especially as to how this affects their perseverance and regard for values, and how societies also wish to command respect and gain stableness (Jacob, 2005).This orientation is seen as an important component as this can reflect how any(prenominal) people can act as based on their expectations with respect to time, such as, for instance, whether their actions are motivated by semipermanent causes or their short-term goals. The power distance aspect refers to a cultures orientation towards authority. This orientation includes how people understand power and how power works in their communities. With this compon ent, power distance serves as an indicator of equality such as whether some cultures tend to be more democratic or practices a great numerate of inequality (Hofstede, 2001).Another exponent identified by Hofstede (2001) is the uncertainty avoidance. Generally, this refers to how society can tolerate uncertainty. This therefore aims how a culture may be more comfortable in a more coordinate and rational framework because the tolerance of ambiguity is funky whereas some societies may tend to live in the uncertainty, hence, their systems do not adhere to strict rules. Individualism/collectivism pertains to how a culture tend to be more individualist and autonomous or the spirit of the collective fills the members of its society (Hofstede, 2001).In the former, there is a greater virtuoso of independence because the individual is encouraged to think for him egotism or herself. A collectivist culture, its opposite, tends to have a greater degree of influence according to the social or cultural psyche and norm. Although individuals can be said to initially come from be groups such as families, the degree of cohesion across social levels differs from one culture to the coterminous. Last but not the least, the masculinity/femininity index measures grammatical sexual urge roles in a culture, especially as to how each of these genders are positioned in the society.The values among these two genders are among the fundamental elements in any society because one tends to dominate the other, if not, the attempt to equalize roles can be said to be also present in some cultures (Hofstede, 2001). In addition to the aspect of the relevance of power in these roles, this indicator also describes whether the country is masculine or feminine the former associates the culture as more assertive and competitive, thereby embodying the masculine characteristics whereas feminine cultures are viewed as caring and more modest.The strength of Hofstedes approach is that the study and the gathered data have come up with a set of information that generally describes the national cultures thereby demonstrating a general sense how people in a certain country can be expected to behave. The five dimensions have served as an important framework and Hofstedes model has served many nation-level researches especially as to how the applicability of his collected data can be regarded to be valid at a certain point (Smith, 2006).However, the model is not without any criticisms as this brings the issue on how many dimensions must be used as a means to measure culture (Smith, 2006). Another study conducted by Blodgett, Bakir and Rose (2008) that the model has limitations especially as to its validity among individuals. From this, it can be gathered that applicability of Hofstedes framework mainly gives a good reference for a cultural overview of nation, but in more specific terms, there is still some debate as to the design of a more effective cross-cultural analysis model .II. Section Two Grecian Culture an Overview Greece can be easily associated with its jubilate during the antiquity, with the country immersed in a rich culture of intelligence and might, in addition to the production of several works of art and architecture that can be considered to still have an influence in the upstart world. Hence, Greece has always had the impression of classicism, especially with the mark left by Hellenism in the world and classical history transcending fact and has become an interesting subject for literary works.From policy-making thought to mythology, classical as a culture remains to be an object of fascination, especially as it has founded an important definition where the westbound world begins in this Mediterranean archipelago. Culture can be basically defined finished customs and traditions, and in Greece, albeit its development into modernity, has maintained a strong grasp for tradition this tradition is defined by the roles played by religio n and paganism in the country.Greece is dominantly Orthodox Christian although some variations of the faith, as determined by paganistic influences, can be seen to be present and also vary from island to island. This is why classic culture is generally regarded to have a risqueer degree of mixed beliefs and that Hellenics also tend to be superstitious (Buxton, 1999). Early Greek civilization has demonstrate a significant amount of intellect thus far at the same time, the society was also driven by its mythological past.Such combination can be seen to present an attempt to balance myth and reason, and in modern Greece, this can be seen to have developed as modern Greek society remains to take pride in its past through the continuous front of its customs and traditions, yet at the same time, modern Greek culture has demonstrated significant social changes that have take place in the last century. This is discussed by Mouzelis (1978) who mentioned how social values remain to be d ictated by its core values, and these core values, barely, play a significant role in the definition of a societys culture.The economy, in the past centuries, has created a significant impact to the social development of any society, and Greece, as it moved on to the modern times, had adapted to these changes. In the social context, Greece had demonstrated the ability to adjust to these new economic demands, and its society, inevitably, has redefined social classes. Its economy also started to redefine itself especially as to how it would define its role in the modern world. All in all, the modernization of Greece has created a degree of impact to its modern culture, but interestingly, Greek culture has strongly maintained what it has always been.As previously mentioned Greek culture has been distinct in terms of the roles religion plays in the lives of the people this religion fuses the more nonionised leanings of the Christian Orthodox Church and the more paganistic or mythical practices that many Greeks still practice today. In addition to customs and traditions, Greek culture has maintained its strong identity across many cultural facets, from its art, music, food and wine. The Greek people has demonstrated a strong sense of resilience considering the number of wars they had to fit in the modern times.These wars include its conflict with the Ottomans in which the country fell under rule for a long time, the Balkan Wars, the First World War, and the Greco-Turkish wars. The country also fell under military dictatorship from 1967-1974. With their wound past, the Greek people had redeveloped a strong national character that had adapted to the realities they faced, especially as Greeces glory would seem to be stuck more in the past and the modernity seems to have favored more the Western nations (Chilton, Dubin, Edwards, Garvey, Fisher, Ellingham, 2008).Interestingly, as Greece would struggle to find its place in the modern world, the Greek society and the people had gone through periods of diaspora in order to escape the conflicts at home. Those who were left behind would be stuck in the madhouse of the country in which the economy would find a hard time adjusting to the greater powers coming from the westerly world, more specifically Europe. The Greek people experienced lack of opportunities in addition to poverty, especially as the country would prove to lack in enough economic resourcefulness until recently.Greece, for a significantly luck of the 20th century, was under-developed, but it was not until in the 1980s that the country would start to catch up and become more integrated with the rest of Europe (Chilton, et al. , 2008) There are some interesting factors in Greek culture that can be regarded to have influenced attitudes of its people. One of these concepts is filotimo. Although hard to translate, filotimo generally refers to the Greeks have intercourse for deep honour that they should possess this goes intimately with anther important Greek characteristic of integrity which is about behaving as an upright individual.Although a sense of deep honor, as a translation, does not provide enough interpretation of the concept, filotimo can be considered to refer to a character that is highly desirable, but basically, it can be associated with a sense of self who is intrinsically good (Makedon, 1995). In addition to the concept of filotimo, modern Greece had emerged with additional cultural concepts in terms of character, and these are leventia and palikaria. Leventia refers to a sense of manly excellence thereby emphasizing the importance of having certain male characteristics.Leventia is paired with palikaria which also refers to the same meaning. As pair, possessing or being leventia and/or palikaria is about the ability to break through through hard times, especially if the individual or the family has been subject to a critical amount of duress. Having leventia and palikaria can gain an indivi dual substantial admiration from those around him because of the display of a strong sense of self as seen in courage or proactiveness that addresses the source of any problem (Makedon, 1995).Last but not the least, albeit its painful periods of oppression, the Greek people have a great amount of love towards freedom. The love for license has always been a Greek characteristic, as seen from the ancient Greek civilization to the modern Greek society. legion(predicate) themes in the Greek arts have portrayed the importance of freedom, and evidently, as the cradle of democracy, Greek culture had long wanted to fight oppression and aimed for a more liberal and democratic society in which they get to possess a certain amount of freedom despite the restrictions posed upon them (Makedon, 1995).Generally, these characteristics show how modern Greece have managed an important element of its identity, and that is its Orthodox church however, despite the practice of orthodoxy, this aspect of freedom is right in such a way that the Greek people remains to have an open mind towards its paganistic past. In a way, the Greek culture can be regarded to have managed to lessen the conflict surrounded by mythos and logos, and today, the Greek people has been finding ways to make room for the modern and how it fits to its long standing tradition.Greek Business Culture Studies on the Greek business culture has had references to Hofstedes cultural framework. In terms of the lots of Greece according to Hofstedes four dimensions, Greece has the following measures in these four indices (Hofstede, 2001) ? Power distance index 63 ? Individualism 35 ? Masculinity 57 ? Uncertainty avoidance index 112 In terms of Greeces order in the power distance index, this score shows how its people, according to Hofstedes framework, demonstrates the emergence of the social classes in Greek society.This is to say that people are aware of the powers that are present in the society and they know the ir place with respect to that power. The score of the country in this index can be considered to be average, hence, demonstrating that although people do recognize the presence of inequalities in its society, they see the presence of means to get over certain barriers. The median score for this index is 55, and with Greece at 63, the amount of inequality is above average yet not as drastic as compared to other countries.Basically, this shows how hierarchy plays in the society which can be considered as a paradox considering the Greeks love for liberty and democracy. In a sense, such score shows how the Greeks have embraced reality and that certain powers have created a strong influence in the country. The next score shows that the country has lower measures of individualism thereby present that Greece is a highly collective society. This shows how Greeks have a strong regard for family and community, and how individuals are strongly influenced by their environment.Kessapidou and Va rsakelis (2002) mentioned that when Greeks enter an organization, there is already the expectation that the Greek employee expects to work for this company for the rest of his or her life, and at the same time, in exchange for this loyalty, they expect that the firm will also look after their family. The next indicator is masculinity, and Greece scored slightly above the global average of 50 (Hofstede, 2001). This is an interesting score as generally, the Greek society has demonstrated the strong male influence in terms of their position in the family and the society.The roles in the midst of males and females have been regarded to be also more distinctive, in which case the women know their positions and the limits of their power and influence. The uncertainty avoidance index shows the highest score for Greece, and based on this, there are many rules that prevail in the Greek society. Again, this is an interesting score because this contradicts the Greeks love for freedom, but the n again, such rules and restrictions may have brought the Greek people to be hungry for more liberty in its societies.The many bounds in Greek society can be seen in its history where the country went through oppression through foreign military control and dictatorship. Overall, as employees, Kessapidou and Varsakelis (2002) discussed the characteristics of Greek employees, as follows (273) For Greek people, the working(a) culture is based on sense of honour, dignity, loyalty, and sense of duty reflected in the Greek word filotimo which is similar to the concept of face as reported for chinain these societies, filotimo or face becomes an asset for organizations. In cases, however, where expectations are not met, the personnel can be alienated. From the results of Hofstedes study, Greece can be summarized as high power distance, strong uncertainty avoidance, collectivistic and masculine (Joiner, 2001, 232). This profile, as translated into Greeces business culture, strongly demons trates its association with societal values.According to Hofstede (2001), among the four indicators in his cultural model, the most germane(predicate) in the aspect of organizational design can be attributed to power distance and uncertainty avoidance which is why these factors are important in assessing the relationship of national cultures and the organization. In the organizational context, the Greek business culture shows a strong sense of hierarchy and the partenalistic relations that exist in Greek companies this is evident in the high score in the power distance.In further putting this with respect to Hofstedes commentary of this dimension, the Greek society as well in Greek organizations, there is the accepted presence of inequalities in terms of the distributio of power. The acceptance in human inequality, interestingly, may not fair well with the Greek rudiments on democracy but apparently, such cultural characteristic is more of an indicator of a strong sense of respec t towards authority (Joiner, 2001). Leadership is therefore emphasized in Greek organizations, and in business, there is much dependence on the companys leaders when it comes to making decisions.Such cultural factor can then be attributed to the historical development in Greece which, accoding to Psychogios and Szamosi (2007), lived in a society with the centralized Greek political system that highlights the powerful state and the large public sector (8). In terms of the reflection of Greeces high uncertainty avoidance index, many studies have actually revealed that groups with hih uncertainty avoidance index demonstrate a fear of making decisios, hence, the presence of many rules that can be easily referred to.In Greece, according to studies by Bartholomew (1995), Bourantas, et al. (199), among others (as cited in Joiner, 2001), fear of decision-making has been found among Greek managers and subordinates, hence, much of these activities are left to the upper management. There is a nd then the influence of culture in terms of the business own practices. Although this may not be trustworthy in all cases, the general perception towards Greek businesses reflect how the business culture have its foundations according to its societal values, these values are which influenced by the countrys culture.III. Section Three In Comparison with the US Business Culture Based on Hofstedes cultural model, Greece scored high in power distance index, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance index, whereas it scored low in individualism. These tons translate to the Greek business culture of centralization, concentrated power, more distinct gender roles, and high reliance on the organizations to take care of the employees family. Greek employees are also found to possess the characteristics of loyalty, integrity and dignity, as guided by the concept of filotimo.In comparing this to the American culture, the contrasts can be immediately seen the differences in the scores Hofstede ga ve the United States (Hofstede, 2001). The US scored high in individualism, low in power distance index, uncertainty avoidance index, and long term orientation, whereas in terms of masculinity, the US scored above average. The similarities can be therefore seen in the masculinity aspect in which both shows that gender roles remain to be differentiated in the American business culture. However, the similarities end there.Based on the scores, the American culture can be described as highly individualistic, with a greater sense of equality and fewer rules thereby showing greater tolerance in new ideas and beliefs. Basically, the American business culture does embody these characteristics. As the country embraced capitalism and industrialization earlier than Greece, the countrys business culture tends to have a more progressive and liberal approach. There is a strong presence of market economy forces in the United States, and employees are also driven by the economic opportunitis presen ted to them.One of the important aspects in the American business culture is the presence of competition, and competition is present not only among businesses but among individuals as well (McCraw, 2000). Hence, unlike in Greece where a bulk of the important responsibilities are left to upper management, American organizations and their employees walkover these opportunities to hold more responsibilities because it means more opportunities for them to gain better positions. Competitive is therefore a characteristic of the American business culture, and this makes sense according to the results of the scores of the United States according to Hofstedes model.Although these scores and comparisons between national and business cultures can be regarded to be applicable, it should be noted that the degree of relevance may not be true in all cases. In addition to the challenges as to the validity of Hofstedes model (Blodgett, et al. , 2008), there is also the case of change that can possi bly take place at social and business levels. As discussed in the first section, the applicability is limited as to the relevance of national cultures to business cultures although the bedrock of a national culture tends to become apparent generally.For instance, the Greek concept of filotimo can be considered to be true even at business levels, and at the same time, the collective spirit can be seen in how many Greek corporations are family-owned. Such is true in the case of the United States in terms of the masculunity scores. Although in some instances gender roles remain defined in the US, in the business world, more and more women have started to hold significant positions across many organizations.Therefore, the relevance of national culture perceptions are only true up to a certain extent but information such as those gathered by Hofstedes studies serve as useful references to the basics of the social and business dynamics in a country. IV. Section Four Opening an American B usiness in Greece Based on the scores in Hofstedes cultural framework, the USAs national culture distance from Greece is at 3. 47 according to 42 surveyed American firms in the country (Kessapidou Varsakelis, 2002).With this number, it can be assumed that there will be greater hassle in the successful establishment of the American company in Greece however, this may not be the case, and the same is true even if the company has a Greek affiliate. According to Kessapidou and Varsakalis (2002), the strength lies in the Greeks characteristic to be collective, hence, they tend to comply with the requirements of the company. In addition, the concept of filotimo can drive Greek employees to perform better, thereby filotimo, in a sense, serves as a source of competitiveness, which is compatible with the American busines culture.However, there may be some problems in terms of the management aspect between the American and the Greek managers, or the Greek managers needing to comply with the demands of American management practices. Although there are highly centralized American companies, the delegation of power and function is one of an American companys assets, hence, should decisions need to be made, even some subordinates may step in and show a sense of leadership. This may intimidate Greek managers and employees, especially if the firm would have American employees working in the Greek operations.In addition, the Greek employees may think that the Americans are too aggressive and pushful in the workplace, thereby possibly creating a rift among the employees. Hence, the recommendation is that prior to the establishment of the American operation in Greece, both sides need to be educated about the cultures they are about to encounter. Since that Greece is button to legions the company, the American company needs to comply more with the Greek culture, but since it is the American company that is going to establish the business, the Greek employees and managers al so need to